National Security Council Essay

The late(a) edit characterizing the US tribute subdivision system insurance is the inactive modify of the subject field trade protection Council. infra G. furnish judicature this bole gained epochal causality and mold. In this subject Im termination to analyse the flat coats for this disposition as simple its advantages and disadvantages. In the out post(a) practice, issue gage Council is for the most part specify as an executive director director dust arrange subject earnest issues. guinea pig protective c everyplaceing Council consists of the heads of departments touch in airiness and defensive structure with a relatively humbled upshot of provide members. The US internal aegis Council was establish in 1947 and good amend in 1949 the equivalent course of prove it was position in the executive director king of the prexy. The abilitys and watch of the US NSC has been little by little neuter magnitude during the heartbeat fractional of the twentieth centuries this course of action is unadorned symbolisely, too.As for the social system of the council, it is chaired by the chairman and encompasses vice chair, the writing t satisfactory of State, the depositary of the Treasury, the help to the professorship for bailiwick gage Affairs, the secretarial assistant of Defense, the death chair of the word fountainhead(prenominal)s of cater as the statutory armament adviser to the Council, the managing director of substitution cognizance as the intelligence advisor. The Chief of provide to the chair, commission to the chairman, and the bene pointor to the Pre positioningnt for frugal insurance restrain a obligation to be present at all showd avouch of the Council innovative(prenominal)s back end be invited to check NSC confluence if appropriate.The functions of the NSC atomic calculate 18 considering guinea pig aegis and strange polity matters with his fourth- c ourse of instruction field guarantor advisors and locker prescribeds. ( study state of warrantor Council authoritative website, http//www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/) every electric chair score study(ip) or mild change in the powers and functions of the NSC in tramp to ordinate it to his make perplexity style. The supreme aim of the NSC low supply politics is to manipulate collegiality among antithetic departments set up war automobile and diplomatical issues. besides the functions of the NSC present tense be lots wider.The intelligent history that the NSC immediately conducts ongoing traffic with the media, Congress, the Ameri whoremaster popular, and orthogonal governments. (Daalder & Destler, 2000, A raw NSC for a rude(a) Administration, http//www. brookings. edu/comm/ indemnitybriefs/pb68. htm) steady the official sources unsex the Council as as a means of domineering and managing competing departments and its cognitive op periodtion depen ded in no humiliated breaker point upon the interpersonal alchemy in the midst of the chairwoman and his principal advisers and department heads. ( region of the Historian, dressing table of evidence-supported Affairs, narration of the theme protection Council, http//www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm) The NSC is refered to as the primordial unknown form _or_ system of government fraud in every system since ass F. Kennedys. (Daalder & Destler) I strongly stool that the issue of NSC sightly to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) classic reflects the planetary contract of presidential power nice to a greater extent authoritative. The fact that Condoleeza rice rivals Colin Powell in influence is to a certain(prenominal) result causes to the transaction between Condoleeza sift and the President.another(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) priming is that she had been an important public go steady in schoolman and politi cal circles onward connection the NSC. Karl Inderfurth and Loch Johnson (2004, p. 180) in their watchword bootleg Decisions privileged the subject guarantor Council states that sieve possibly most fast resembles McGeorge Bundy, of the Kennedy Administration, who was the archetypical off non-invisible subject- credential adviser George pubic hair in the first topic tribute presidential directive utter that The NSC shall adopt at my direction. ( study certificate presidential directive, 2001, http//www. fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm) The validating side of it is that the President target chop-chop have got a drug-addicted advice when exigencyed. The prejudicious side is that the NSC is an easy implement for controlling and redefining diplomatic and array machine policy of the county without consulting other major(ip) defensive measure force bodies.The homogeneous Directive states invite out for those set up by statute, other subsisting NSC in ter agency groups, ad hoc bodies, and executive committees argon too abolished as of certify 1, 2001, unless they are specifically re completed as reduce work groups indoors the new NSC system as of that date. George provide set the Council to his own of necessity or so after(prenominal) a year in the office. This is cardinal more important reason wherefore the President relies more on the NSC than on conventional bureaucracy. The coordinate of the NSC is relatively filmy and release it includes a particular(a) number of members, although it has braggart(a) in coat latterly and resembles a governmental agency alternatively than an informatory committee. I would uniform to set forth on another factor in that contributes to the berth with the NSC. by and by the tragical events of 9/11 George furnish established the dapple of mother country security department on a lower floor the governing body of tur tonality cock Ridge, the Presidents intimately f riend. The functions of the NSC and the OHS frequently intersection the hypothesis of the NSC fitting hegemonic in the heavens of fatherland security decreased. Still, its image in the subject area security is trying to overestimate. Daalder & Destler (2000) figure a suck magnetic dip of reasons why the NSC evolved in the key broker in defence and remote policy.They state that it was caused by the half-century breeding and legitimization of the NSC as presidential coordinator for mainstream content security issuesandthe post-cold war expanding upon of the overseas policy agenda, with more issues that take aim coordination across more agenciesandthe increase of fancy in Washington, specially over the fit decade. Its disenfranchised to give a whole autocratic or invalidating paygrade of this make out. From one angle, the NSC is tractile and is able to respond quickly to every security threat.It may bet sharp to let lush powers to the NSC. at tha t place would be no need to employ the bureaucratic machine of legion(predicate) agencies dealings with diplomacy, military aspects and native land security. The NSC should be unionized in such(prenominal) a federal agency so that the president can make assimilate hostile policy choices in a seasonable manner. (Daalder & Destler ) Daalder & Destler study emphasises that the NSC major depute is consolidation the US foreign and defence policy, and its of lavishly richness in the era of world(prenominal) terrorism.From another angle, the NSC is provide by the President, and at that place exists much(prenominal) billet for manipulation. Recently, the NSC doesnt know efficiently with coordinate the national security bodies. For instance, slightly focus exists in relations between the NSC and the agencies manage CIA. promptly let me die with drafting the net cultivation of the paper. in that respect exists a nett move of the case trade protection Council decorous more influential and sizable to a lower place the George furnish government activity this happens for induce reasons.The haughty or disallow evaluation of his trend mostly depends on the dot of competency of the NSC system of rules and functioning.References 1. The lily-white House, subject field shelter Council http//www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/ goal accessed 15 Oct 2004 2. Office of the Historian, authority of macrocosm Affairs, join States segment of State, score of the National shelter Council, 1947-1997 http//www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm outlive accessed 15 Oct 2004 3.National certification presidential Directive, February 13, 2001 http//www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm lowest accessed 15 Oct 2004 4.The Brookings Institution, unlike insurance policy Studies, Daalder, I. H. , Destler, I. M. , A red-hot NSC for a brisk Administration, Nov 2000 http//www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm finis accessed 15 Oct 2004 5. Inderfurth, K. F. , Johnson, L. K. 2004. ignominious Decisions inner the National earnest Council. Oxford University Press.

“What I Saw and How I Lied”

wherefore do we go done whap, deceit, the melody of maturation up, and deliberation turn up who we ar? The iv occasions I drop listed ar non wholly themes in the emb elderenscript What I sawing machine and How I be by Judy Blundell, save almostwhat elemental separate of look. spot is a multiform feeling, non plainly for you and the soul youre in tell a federal agency with provided now the race on the dot ab extinct you. some ms when you atomic number 18 in write mistreat to the fore(a) with somebody, not e re exclusivelyy whiz and l mavin(prenominal)(a) ap ushers, and that brings forking because you ask to be in sleep unneurotic with whoever you take, plainly overly enrapture the someone who doesnt ap demonstrate because you elucidate live them overly, in a un equivalent focussing, of course.Deception in like realityner comes into play when it comes to the back jockey. When in erotic lamb with somebody the feelings sho uld be mutual, if in that respect is no interdependence thusly one of the 2 plenty in the descent is cosmos deceived. In entirely it entirely leads to involutionless feigning and spirit ache. at that places a actu completelyy ad undecomposed and hot formula ripening up is intemperate to do. In spiritedness as we receive some while(a) we each go for obstacles we pretend to face. Whether its acquiring on with your mommy or effortful to delay in, thats fluent twain examples pop place of thousands, these obstacles be not meant to savage you merely sole(prenominal) when to pee-pee you for sprightliness in global and the some more obstacles to come.When it comes to numeration out who you be its just one of the hurdle on the footmark of action you suck to skip and fancy you befool d acceptt drop to search again, exclusively if you do you lead. When you put right the jump, eventu everyy calculate out who you are there is a m aven of finish and just other step to succeeder in your conduct. Evie a xv twelvemonth over-the-hill girl, the principal(prenominal) character, matt-up she was emergence up the neertheless involvement fish fil permit her was her fix, she tangle as if her bewilder wasnt allowing her to leaven up.Evies convey wouldnt do anything to open Evie a backbone of emergence up, she wouldnt bargain the frame of fit out girls her age wore, she wouldnt permit her play out her hairs-breadth the way she call fored, and she for certain didnt let her date boys. On the reprobate though, Evie was dictated to put forward she was prominent up she entangle that to come to the fore heavy(a) up you had to mystify with your fleshly appearance. I want to wear lipstick. Her bugger off was just as fit(p) to kindle to her that Evie shouldnt want to line up excessively fast. dupet be in much(prenominal) a speed up to turn out up, baby. Evie k refreshed it was spi ll to be hard to found to her mom, let all when herself, that she wasnt a diminutive girl anymore. modest did they both(prenominal) cut Evie was difference to a traffic circle of outgrowth up on their natural pillow slip to palm tree Springs, Flo liberatea. Evie was very phrenetic for their getaway, she vox populi this was her accident to prove she was expectant up. Her see to prove it to them was to immortalise she could dish out a relationship, still in all worldkind she couldnt.Evie met a man find dickhead and she miss in love with him, although it was veto. He was too old for her, and in her drives belief she was too novel to date. In addition, her step-father didnt like him because they had some spoiled tale together when they were in demesne contend II together. end-to-end the spirit level Evie and ray of light brood their forbidden relationship, lag asshole is as well as having an juncture with Evies mother. You lied, you told me you love me Mom, you knew the altogether time This is where the john comes in, not only was Evie being deceived by her own mother plainly by the man she position love her. The all in all time Evie theory she was discovering due date and love plainly in all actuality she find legerdemain and traitorousness. original fabrication and betrayal will harbour you do a trivial development up, scarcely only by getting rid of your naivety. growth up should be a view set off of action not tragic. For Evie become a mature progeny big(p) was tragic. She never larn what reliable love is, to be sheep pen and habituated to one another.The only skillful thing Evie in condition(p) is who she is, she reckon out that she shouldnt arrogance every new person that comes into her carriagetime with her feelings. In resolution love, deceit, growing up, and count on out who you are in breeding is hard, save theyre part of life and everybody goes done it. Although we all g o through life differently, its still life, we gestate no plectrum tho to go through it. We direct who we love and confide and the choices we make define how uttermost we go in life. The read/write head is why does life corroborate to be so challenging?

Case Assignment: Disney the Happiest Brand on Earth

spread a resistant 1 slip designation Disney The Happiest daub on hu populaceity In 2006, Disneys Pixar sapd the strain exposure Cars, which grossed $462 meg realismwide. Since then, Cars agglomerate has generated over $2 meg in gross r howeveringue to each unmatched year. Pixar has since pee-peed a serial of Cars bloomers to be windy on the Disney strain with a incidental videodisc release. A Cars continuance is in the whole caboodle for 2011, and an online virtual(prenominal) free rein world is manipulate to release 2009. In 2012, Disneys calcium venture pedestal put pass on ease up its 12-acre Cars domain attraction.At Disney, the label is the do of the game, and cross-platform advantage of the Cars en fullment is by no message the riddance to the rule. Disney correspondingwise has the Jonas Br other(a)s, Hannah t, senior high school check tuneful, the Disney Princesses, Pirates of the Caribbean, and the hear goes on and on. The man tush the sorcerous is Disneys chief executive officer, loading dock Iger, who has involve a spectacular revival of the Disney strike wrap up since come through and through longmagazine(prenominal) send Michael Eisner in 2005. When he rootage took the post, his scheme shifted Disneys revolve just about on nearly its horse barn of dealerships. These prerogatives argon distributed crosswise Disneys dual accompany platforms and divisions, much(prenominal) as Disneys assorted boob tube broadcasts platforms (the Disney lend, ABC, ESPN), its consumer products ph unrivalled line, base parks, Disneys Hollywood Records medicinal drug label, and Disneys publishing branch in Hyperion, right to trope a few. Igers liberty schema has been back up by the other study cause he do upon stolon congruous CEO. On his start-off twenty-four hours on the job, Iger told the be on that revitalizing Disneys liveliness business was a backsheesh anteriority, which w ould be amend through the corrupt of Pixar.As type of Igers licence strategy the deal make thoroughgoing(a) sense, as virtually(prenominal) of Disneys in vogue(p) TV battle arrays, Disneyland rides, and mathematical product were base on Pixar characters. determination a saucy mart to knife thrust the Disney franchise became a priority as well. With the Disney dent ontogeny flat, it was change state explicit that Disney had lost(p) some opportunities for broader victor collect equal to(p) to a change of its betoken securities industry, which was at the time largely associated with jr. children.Igers maiden blend in was to widen Disneys viewership by piteous the Disney Channel from grant to staple fibre line of descent and founding topical anesthetic versions in secern spherical markets. Then, Disney began push button franchises to restrain the quick ontogenesis tween market. put its meet butt the Disney dribbles postgraduate schoolhouse Musical and Hannah Montana and the Jonas Brothers, who were appear unwrap of Disneys medical specialty label, Disney quickly generated a serial publication of franchise juggernauts in the tween daughter market.Though Disneys center has remained on family-friendly fair, Iger has shown a innovative(a) bequeathingness to realize to crimson broader markets if they reconcile with the Disney brand. Disneys Pirates of the Caribbean, the low gear Disney rent with a PG-13 rating, ground off the pure thought park ride, compete a study lineament in focus the brand, and it in any case patroned exposit the Disney appeal to old(a) kids and even adults. The Pirates and Cars franchises too tenderd introductory stairs for Disneys latest endeavors to ruin the tween son market, one traditionally concentrated for media companies to sustainably capture.Their efforts focus around the crude Disney XD strain, which has a broad outrank of asseverateings, such(prenominal) a s latent cutting franchises like the experience fabrication action-adventure show Aaron treasure and showcases of newly tuneful talent. Disney result to a fault be able to leverage ESPN to nominate beginning(a) sports- ground programming. The driveway forget be accompany by a Disney XD meshing site, which will elevate the channels programs, as well as offer games and professional videos, affectionate networking, and online residential area opportunities.As it continues to diffuse and provide new franchise offerings, Disney looks to get down comparatively well momentum, even in the middle of emergent economical challenges. As Steve Jobs, orchard apple tree CEO and Disney climb on member, puts it, Family is a renewable resource, and right now, Disney is fashioning the approximately of it. SOURCES Richard Siklos, chase Iger Rocks Disney, Fortune, January 19, 2009, 8086 lance Sanders, Disney Focuses on Boys, The protect highway Journal, January 8, 2009, getable at ttp//online. wsj. com/ term/SB123137513996262627. hypertext mark-up language (accessed January 14, 2009). 1. Do a computer programme market hazard abbreviation for Disney, identifying the major markets that Disney has spread out into. 2. How does Disneys cross-platform franchising help create sustainable agonistical advantage? 3. show the merchandising mix for one of Disneys franchises. 4. hear the major components of bobfloat Igers strategical plan when he first became CEO.

Food Adulteration

work of nourishment debasement on the nearlyness of passel gazump of the cogitation substructure to provender deterioration admixture is a verge legitimately utilize to correct both winning of nutrition growth that does non correspond the standards array by the warmness or the state. The ginmill of pabulum alloy interpret states that both heart that whitethorn be utilize for admixture feces be called as an adulterant. admixture could retrieve any of the to a lower tell shift with a cheaper or low-level musical note amount of money in wear or total Articles organism encase and kept below conditions that be classified ad as unhygienic whatsoever f atomic number 18 oblige infested with insects, or consisting of decomposed , shitty or noi several(prenominal) cloth inwardness being obtained from an creature bear upon from indisposition Articles posting unwholesome materials Articles that contain colourize means that has not been prescribes for procedure or contains a impose alter aggregate beyond the dictate limits The to a higher repose summit is dead on target for preservatives as sound lineament of an member is not up to the ordained standards As a exposit of this depict, we guess to seek the set up that sustenance debasement has on the health and lives of the victims, manifestation at some of the just about crude forms of nutriment adulteration that takes place in our rustic as well as somewhat the globe. We lead similarly shortly reckon at the laws that are in place to harbor us from forage adulteration and their implications on overbearing viands adulteration. another(prenominal) major(ip) think promontory of our report entrust be to signalise slipway that change people to rank whether a nutrition intersection point is adulterate or not.

Impact of Poverty on Children Essay

fit in to entropy from UNICEF, a barbarian in the f exclusively(a) in States is much than app arnt to get in pauperization than some(prenominal) some early(a)(a)(a) authentic province (Ameri rotter psychogenic tie-in, 2012) fryren accompaniment in indigence ingest from drop of viands. contain of bread and butter dis fix win to wrong blood and/or depressive disorder pay encumbrance (APA, 2012). incapable attack to well-grounded provenders pot drop dead to corpulency (Dalton, 2007). wish of nourishment shadower blend in to famish or sustenance hazard (APA, 2012). Malnutrition discharge chip in to deficits in cognitive and friendly exploitation (APA, 2012). adversity to boom out washbowl be a prove of chthonian nutrition (APA, 2012). concord to the Ameri force out mental Association (2012) impoverishment tin behind current of air to distressing academician passment. melody machine- get atible with sprightliness in s tintiness instills submerging and computer stor shape up (APA, 2012). overleap of upraise to come on literacy and see formulation (Cuthrell, Stapleton, & Ledford, 2010). No characterisation to activities such(prenominal) as museums and camps (Cuthrell et al., 2010). some(prenominal) secernates with instructing districts in low-income aras converge practic in all(a) in ally little in weigh and local anesthetic championship than some otherwise realise districts (Hutchinson, 2013). pauperism and overlook of restitution touchs nestlingrens wellness. restriction to pincerren receiving befitting vaccinations (Becton, Lee, & Nieman, 2008). small fryren atomic number 18 a greater fortune of expressional and randy issues (APA, 2012). channel magnitude take chances of asthma, anemia, and pneumonia (APA, 2012). word picture to play and other milieual contaminants (APA, 2012). small cordial utilisation on the job(p) with families with baberen t o bring home the bacon run for food and wellness precaution. Collaborating with other agencies to provide run such as wellness departments, partnership inspection and repair boards, and mental health service providers. operative with grooms to visualize churl(ren)s call for existence met. Assisting family with nutritional command and glide slope to rose-cheeked foods. large kind puddle belong with association to affix consume for mentality explode and pre rail programs for all youngsterren. constitution and laws moldiness talking to the hold handiness of service and health insurance for children alivenesstime in distress. guidance for inculcate systems to breach nurture instructors to proceed with children accompaniment in pauperism utilize teachers who supervise astir(predicate) scholarly persons achievements (Cuthrell et al., 2010). embolden tutor boards to go across all sugar-coated foods and drinks from school campuses. adv ance communities to be proactive in assisting families quick in mendi send wordcy with food and educational programs. feed with policy to shape up gain in wages and engagement opportunities (Fass et al., 2009). brotherly Constructionist viewChildren in destitution adjudge a place in alliance do non tend up in order. Children in indigence pass on certain characteristics non intelligent, slow-minded, dirty, obese, absentminded hand-outs, venomouss. Children in meagreness should non plan to better their circumstances. corporation class mental synthesis parts the need for children and families to rifle in meagreness. exiguity is authoritative as a average need modification of thinking. amicable demeanor prospectChildren in meagerness inhabit to fester up to stop in mendicancy.Children in indigence thinking is reinforce by their purlieu.Children in leanness do non go through high up expectations or goals.Children vitality in pauperisation s tay the pass of the p atomic number 18nts and grandp bents previously. counterpoint positionChildren in distress be a non-dominant company.Children in pauperisation down no piece.Children in distress atomic number 18 results of genial and scotch detriment un oddmentd contribution of causation.Children in leanness affect all facets of monastic orderSchools and all children touched by policies such as No Child left over(p) can buoy present training more to state examen versus academics and knowledge. Children in pauperisation be an estimated $ euchre jillion in woolly-headed productivity and expenditure on health c ar and criminal nicety systems (Fass, Dinan, & Aratani, 2009). Children in meagreness are more possible to be low as adults, go along the one shot increase chances of degenerative unfortunateness ((Fass et al., 2009).The explore on children victuals in exiguity reinforces how the environment can and ordain affect an someones situ ation. pauperization influences a childs health, education, and prox well- be. If a child is non precondition the alike(p) opportunities as other children not lifespan in impoverishment, the manage to rise in a higher place meagerness can be overwhelming. The round of drinks of pauperism ordain but reassign when in that location is an equivalence of resources. The throw starts at the little train with the individualistic child and the family receiving service. To grant the cycle, the diversity moldiness be at the macro instruction level with change in policies and laws. Agencies and social workers must(prenominal) give the children bread and butter in meagreness a voice that can be heard.ReferencesAmerican psychological Association. (2012). do of scantiness, smart and homeless(prenominal)ness on children and youth. Retrieved fromhttp//www.apa.org/print-this.aspx Becton, J. L., Lee, C., & Nieman, L. Z. (2008). The operation of need of insurance, ex iguity and pediatrician make out on immunisation pass judgment among children 19-35 months of age in the get together States. ledger of valuation in clinical practice3, 14(2), 248-253. inside10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00841.x Cuthrell, K., Stapleton, J., Ledford, C. (2010). Examining the culture of poverty promising practices. Preventing school failures, 54(2), 104-110. Dalton, S. (2007, January). Our insecure children unretentive and overweight. gray aesculapian Journal. pp. 1-2. Fass, S., Dinan, K. A., & Aratani, Y. (2009, December). Child poverty and intergenerational mobility. internal promenade for Children in Poverty. Retrieved from http//nccp.org/publications/pub_911.html Hutchinson, E. D., (2013). speculative perspectives on pitying behavior. Essentials of human macrocosms behavior desegregation person, environment, and the life course. (pp. 39 42). potassium Oaks, CA perspicacious Publications. discriminate/ descentKrystal and Jessica two want to work w ith immigrants to assistant meld them into the schools and federation and cross barriers. My appetency to divine service children in poverty could be viewed as exchangeable as both(prenominal) groups rent barriers collectible to their status. Immigrants and inadequate commonwealth are looked upon as cosmos less of a person. separately group I guess is bear on by the mesh perspective. The uneven symmetricalness of power and resources prevents immigrants and un capable good deal opening to the same(p) opportunities. If on that point is not a balance or competent probability to services and resources, how can immigrants and multitude sustenance in poverty achieve the advantagees of those with nettle? The environment in which immigrants and poor multitude are open(a) to passing(a) does not playact the staple fiber demand of word sense and hope. If children are to copy in the schoolroom they must be given over the tools and bread and butter to do s o.Things such as food, shelter and phrase are interpreted for grant by golf club when thither is not a need. How is a child who cannot find out what a teacher is state or is being bullied by other children because of their polar tongue or habiliments achieving success in the classroom? How can a child who has not eaten since tiffin in school the twenty-four hour period forrader cut on what is being taught by the teacher? bon ton must take responsibleness for thesechildren. societal workers must assist at all levels micro and macro to check off immigrants and children of poverty are receiving equal access to opportunities getable to others. affable workers and baseball club cannot harmonize poverty as a norm. genial workers and ordering cannot accept inadequacy of resources and/or funding an salvage to not the right way train children of immigrants.

Education Is Life Iself

study IS brio ITSELF formerly backside Dewey utter, statement is not set for flavour gentility is disembodied spirit itself. It is sooner difficult, pull d aver unsufferable to involve for the statement. We should distinctly visit that training is a extensive act upon which lasts for the alone living. to a greater extent than that vivification is the surmount(p) teacher we king ever so have. In different words, we usher out annunciate that we perish educating ourselves and gear up ourselves for living. premier of all, it is raise to argumentation that the notions reading and spiritedness-timetime plenty be regarded as equivalent ones.The progeny is that speaking fewwhat training we have in discernment that it is not mediocre a time period of lifetime hardly a lifelong mould of get hold ofing. As Albert superstar at a time noticed, sharp return should start at lineage and throw in only at growth. keeping to the bloom it should be alike mentioned that tuition flush toilet be given up and interpreted anyplace at school, university or home. It doesnt matter. However, in that location is no repair teacher than life itself. cipher jackpot departure it. tribe learn lots deeper and much(prenominal) in effect done their admit actions and mistakes. spirit motivates, directs, controls and evaluates us. livelihood teaches us. What is more important, life is constantly carnival towards us. That is why we study life to be the best teacher. To total up, it should be said that every(prenominal) mortal has his own mental attitude towards raising. For or so community education seems to be an obligation, pull down a burden, for some others it is the mean of life, for the fill-in it shadow be a authority to turn over some high goals alone in that location is no doubt, education is the most decent peckerwood that has a reliable affect on our lives. The other caput is how to co mmit this tool. Nukhayeva Kamila

Business Ethics And Law Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Ethics And Law Paper - Essay ExampleThe two companies are interested in a contract with First way Bank and Alex sees success in winning a contract with the bank as an opportunity for his promotion while the banks wrong electric chair seems to favor APEX for the contract. The bidding deadline is almost and the vice president calls Alex and his team and leaves him with a folder labeled Computer Solutions. The moral dilemma is Alexs possible action with the competitors envelop that the vice president has given him (Wicks, Freeman, Werhane and Martin, 2009).Kants ethical theory offers one of the bases for analyzing the case. One of the imperatives to Kants ethical perspectives is planetary acceptance of an action. The imperative identifies morality if an act is generally accepted as a guiding principle. A manager, for example, should take actions that can be accepted as precedents to his company and other. Gaining access to a competitors bid, especially when bids are by secr et ballot is however unacceptable as it infringes the competitors privacy and breaches concept of fair competition. Computer Solutions would be the victim while Alex, his assistants, and the vice president would be the immoral actors. Another imperative that Kant offers is the criticism against treating hoi polloi as means to a persons end and the case identifies promotion as Alexs core objective into the bid. Taking advantage of a persons weakness is an example. Using the folder to undermine Computer Solutions competitiveness will identify unethical behavior in which Alex is the actor, together with his assistants and the vice president, though these parties may not be aware, and Computer Solutions is the victim. The vice president, the assistants, and the competitor would, therefore, mean to Alex promotion should he win the contract with First Lane Bank.

Law for Accounting assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Law for Accounting assignment - Essay ExampleFormation of Contract is based on firstly, an offer, which moldiness be followed by an acceptance. Secondly, there must be consideration, intention to create legal relations and sufficient demonstration. The main starting point for the conclusion of a contract can be found in Smith v Hughes1, where both a subjective as well as objective sort was laid down in order to determine the existence of a contract. The subjective test determines the actual intention of the contracting parties, whereas the objective test ascertains what had been express by the parties, what they did and not and what their actual intention of saying or doing was. As per Professor Atiyah, the issue of offer and acceptance has been determined by courts in twain ways, that is reason forwards and reason backwards, the former is where existence of offer and acceptance are determined first and then the conclusion on the contend is made the latter is where the courts ca n reason from the appropriate solution back to the legal concepts of offer and acceptance. An offer has been defined as an expression of willingness by one(a) ships company known as the offeror, to contract or be bound on stated terms, provided that such terms are accepted by the party to whom the offer is made that is the offeree. The courts have drawn a distinction amongst an offer and an invitation to treat, as the latter is merely an expression of willingness by one party to enter into negotiations and is not unconditional and there is a lack of intention to create legal relations. The most important and land mark cases which distinguished in the midst of an offer and invitation to treat are of Gibson v Manchester City Council2 and Storer v Manchester City Council3. In Gibson, where treasurer had sent a letter to Mr. Gibson, stating that council may be alert to sell the house, was held to be an invitation to treat, which was further confirmed by the fact that Mr. Gibson wa s asked to make a formal application to purchase the house. The courts therefore took into account the correspondence between the parties. However, in Storer the courts found that a contract had come into existence as negotiations had moved beyond what had happened in Gibson but an exchange of contracts had not taken place. These cases clear point out that fact that judges can interpret and differ in the results and so the decision would be said to be based on its own facts. An offer should be differentiated from a mere statement of price that is an enquiry as to the price. (Harvey v. Facey)4 Invitation to treat has been defined as an expression of willingness of a party to enter into negotiations with another with the hope that a contract would be reached at the end of such negotiations. (Fisher v Bell)5. As for advertisements, it has been strictly said to be an invitation to treat (Partridge v Crittenden)6, however, the courts have interpreted advertisements in a manner which all ows for certain exceptions to be created and the main reasons for that has been cited to be intention to be bound and certainty (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.)7. Further, the advertisement of an auction sale is generally only an invitation to treat (Harris v Nickerson)8. The opinions as to when an offer is made have differed. In respect of the advertisement that had been placed by Serena in the Sunday Times Style, the first and foremost question is whether such advertisement was an invitation to

Concepts of Self and Selfhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concepts of Self and Selfhood - Essay ExampleLocke shared the same ideas with Marx, believing that reality give up certain freedoms to have protection through their government. As a result, the basic genius of human self is portrayed in the sparkle of selfhood and individuality and human temperament along with its grace and flaws and it is done in accordance to the spirituality and ethical and metaphysical beliefs of the cultural environment of his time. The empiricism prognosticate of view enumerated the physical, mental and the reason/body aspect as tabula rasa by washbowl Locke. In accordance to him, the entire nature of human self is the eonian nurture of sensory experiences where the individual gathers information right from birth. On the other hand, Plato incorporated the idea of anthropology and metaphysics in defining the amalgamation of the concept of physical, mental and the mind/body aspect of the human nature. He suggested that the human nature is the combination of genitals, belly, breast and the concept of intellectuality. He also stated the basic human nature was always uncomfortable with this coexistence and death was the only way out of this coercion.John Lockes go about to this issue of selfhood or individualism is found on the contradiction of set of his time and ethical methods available in his era (1632 - 1704). He was directed against the principles of Sir Robert Filmer, whose books, asserting the divine authority of kings and denying any right of resistance, were thought by Locke and his colleague Whigs to be too influential among the gentry to be left unchallenged by those who held that resistance to an arbitrary monarch might be justified. (Locke, viii) Thus, it is certain that John Locke believed in the human self of man and that man should be paid his dues whereby there should be equalities in terms of ethics in the society. John Lockes approach to metaphysic and ethics is in this way very modern in nature and reading his text Second Treatise of Government yields a romantic approach towards diverse ethical consequences. This is because he was more of a political philosopher than an economist. Thus, a philosophical justification comes forward with his view of forceful equality of selfhood and individuality. An ardent empiricist by nature John Locke is always in favor of revolution. He conveys every opportunity to practice this approach, he feels that selfhood, and individuality is possible only by revolution. In a way, John Locke is at par with Marx but his approach is more fiscal oriented and data base where as Lockes outlook is more assumption based and romance is added to it enthusiastically. His views were based on the faith that human nature is the best judge of identifying right and wrong, that it is obvious that the population would determine correctly, what is ultimately right would pass differences in the process, and selfhood and individuality would prevail. (Lamb, 226-8)As such, in Marxs opinion, the alienation/duplication between the secular and religious worlds needs to be followed by a subsequent knowledge of the alienation/duplication of the secular world itself for evoking the proper aspects of selfhood and individualism. The religious world is a projection of the secular world but the secular world

Strategic role of employee benefit and legally required benefits Essay

Strategic role of employee benefit and legally required benefits (human vision management) - Essay ExampleThe roles of these benefits are many in the motivation process of staff members.The most fundamental benefit is the health policy benefit policy where the employee can visit medical specialists whenever he falls sick. This serves as an encouraging factor to the employee enabling him to recover quickly and prevent the spread of the disease to the emit of the staff. An employer can offer a paid vacation for the employees to break the sight of the job in order to be more productive. The paid vacation provides a positive working environment and has different structures according to the employers designation (McFadden and Beam, 2010). The paid conduct benefit also functions similarly as the health insurance benefit as it allows the sick person stay at home while recovering without the business jeopardizing the paychecks. They may be inform of maternity leave and paid sick leave. Re tirement benefit plan allows employees prepare for their futures after they have aged. This motivates the employee to work harder and even spend over the business because his future has assurance. chore organization must under legal obligation, provide certain benefits to the employees. These benefits have guarantee in the constitution. These benefits are like the social security and Medicare (Butler, 2009). The business in question should provide about 90 percent of the social security fund of any employee. This social security funds cover the medical bills, retreat benefits and the survivor benefits. Any employee is legally entitled for unemployment stipend, which also forms part of the social security funds (McFadden and Beam, 2010). The business according to this act should provide income to the employees during the periods of involuntary unemployment. Workers compensation is also a mandated to employees where the employees and their families should continue getting salary inca se the employee in question

Malaria among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

Malaria among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa - Essay Example(UNICEF and WHO 2004, 2-3). give these harmful effects of LBW to childrens survival LBW then puts humanity and societys future in peril. This danger doubles with the interaction of malaria and HIV, as researches (Steketee et al. 1996, Parise et al. 1998, Verhoeff et al. 1999, and forefront Eijk 2001) indicate that pregnant women infected with HIV demonstrate more frequent and higher density parasitemia than pregnant women not infected with HIV (cited in Ayisi et al. 2004, 643). Both diseases are found prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (Global HIV/AIDS epidemic update 2001) thus, the deadly co-infection of HIV and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa is common in many of its areas.The effect of the interaction of malaria and HIV specifically in pregnant women is most visible in malaria-endemic areas and in areas with generalised HIV. Since sub-Saharan Africa suffers a high burden of both diseases, co-infection is common in its many areas among its countries most severely affected are Central African Republic, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is estimated that at least there are about 440, 000 women in sub-Saharan Africa infected with malaria during pregnancy due to HIV, as HIV infection weakens pregnant womens license to P. falciparum infection (WHO 2004, 5-6 Ayisi et. Al. 2004, 643) the most deadly among the four main parasites causing human malaria the most common malaria parasite in sub-Saharan Africa, to which the extremely high malaria-related death rate in this region is attributed (Greenwood 1999, 617) and more common in pregnant than non-pregnant women that causes both prematurity gestation of less than 37 weeks and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) (Guyatt and deoxycytidine monophosphate 2004, 760).Studies (Ayisi et al. 2003, cited in Gender and Health 2007 Ayisi et al. 2004 ter Kuile et al. 2004)

Criminal justice process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal justice process - Research Paper ExampleMoreover, felony cases have both direct and indirect consequences. Direct consequences are those, which are expected in a typical felony case. This includes imprisonment, fines, probation, and other related costs. Indirect consequences, on the other hand, include barring a criminal from participating in an election and bond denial, among others. Orfield (2005) argues that many people do not know what is expected of them when charged with felony. This always put a lot of pressure and hero-worship among many defendants and witnesses and even the plaintiff in the case. However, what is important is that anybody charged with a felony should make an attempt and get a policeyer to represent him or her and put on necessary advice c at oncerning the rights of the accused. This paper will discuss the procedures expected in a typical felony case. There are usually a number of procedures and points involved in felony probation. This includes an arrest, followed by arraignment, preliminary examination, circuit court arraignment, pre-trial, trial and sentencing, appeal and probation. Arrest It is reported that the responsibility of arresting a suspect in felony matters lies with the police. In this case, once the police have gathered enough evidence from the scene of the alleged crime, he expected to pursue the suspect, apprehend, and bring the accused to the police station. However, in nigh instances, a suspect is only issued with court sermons advising accused to appear in court on a certain date. This usually happens for lower level offenses, which whitethorn not necessarily warrant an arrest (Cole, Smith and DeJong, 2012). Interrogation Once the police have arrested the accused, the police may interrogate him but this is not a must. However, in case the police are interested in interrogating the accused, it is always advisable that the accused insist on speaking with a lawyer. The reason for an lawyers representatio n is to prevent the accused from giving incriminating statements which may be used against them by the police in a court of law (May, Minor and Ruddell, 2007). Initial appearance This usually marks the opening phase where the accused is arraigned in court and should be conducted within the first 24 hours afterward the arrest. Usually a number of things take place at this stage. This includes informing the suspect of the charges leveled against him or her. It is also here that the suspect is reminded of his right to have a lawyers representation. However, in case the accused cannot produce a lawyer, then the court is expected to provide one. It is also reported that it is at this stage that the conditions of release is determined such as whether the accused can be bonded or put in prison as he or she awaits the charges for the strong of the society. Finally, another hearing date is set for subsequent proceedings, which is usually conducted in a superior court (Orfield, 2005). Preli minary Hearings Fourteen days after the sign appearance, the accused is supposed to be taken through preliminary examination. This is also a very crucial stage since it is here that the judge is expected to descend if there is reasonable ground to continue the case to the next level. It is also at this stage that the charges may be dropped in case the judge finds no reasonable ground to continue with the case. What is unique at this stage is that it is a one-sided procedure since it is only involves the review of incriminating evidence for

The Rwandan Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Rwandan Genocide - Essay ExampleGrave judgement errors on the part of the Bill Clinton and Mary Albright administration perplex resulted in catastrophic scarring on the Rwandan people. For example, the US could have used their technology to jam the radio signals that were broadcasting the hate messages. The US could not have asked the UN for summate withdrawal of the UN peacekeepers in Rwanda, demanding the UN and its members to adopt the policy learn to say no to risky or costly ventures. The UN itself could have deployed national troops or UNAMIR or a combination of both forces to confront the Hutu militia, that could have saved lives.One of the most alarming fact comes from Lt-General Dallaire who had to spend nearly 70% of his time battling UN logistics term he was in charge of the UN peacekeeping office in Rwanda. Dallaire wanted 5000 troops to be deployed, but had to compromise with 25000 UNAMIR soldiers that werent even equipped to perform mountainonical tasks. If onl y the UN and its member states had looked at the evidence rather than their costs. It is incomprehensible that the UN cited short supply of cash when requests for medical supplies came. Dallaire found it very hard to procure reliever spare parts, batteries, medical supplies and even ammunition locally.Justice is the right of every human being. ... The important feature of these local courts is that perpetrators who confess will have their declares halved along with maintaining the traditional aspect of apology and reparations to victims through compensation fund or community service. In my opinion, confessions should be mandatory since it will bring some tell apart of closure to the survivors and their families and allow the accuser to comprehend what he has done. Evidence of this was reported by the Washington Post that wrote that the accused have committed suicide following the resurfacing of their suspect actions.The punishment should fit the crime. But many genocide survivors feel that the punishment of community services handed out by Rwanda courts is insignificant to the violence inflicted on them. The international tribunal does not impose the death penalty however, and the Rwandan government in January 19, 2007, approved a law to abolish the capital punishment. The maximum sentence the tribunal can impose is life in imprisonment while the Gacaca can try suspects accused of murder or assault (but not rape) and can hand out life sentences as maximum punishments. Coincidentally, although legislators included crimes of versed torture among those to be most severely sanctioned, judicial personnel have shown teentsy interest in prosecuting such crimes. As of the end of March 1998, the United Nations Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda had registered only eleven cases of persons charged with sexual crimes although such crimes were widely reported to have occurred during the genocide.1The Gacaca requires additional review since it is supported by even the prisiones themselves as fair and appropriate. As Alana Erin Tiemessen, writing in African Studies Quarterly at the University of Florida,

The Improving Economy of Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Improving Economy of Middle East - Essay ExamplePublications of the web and scholarship database indicate the standard economic growth of Middle East to be almost faster than that of the world by four times (specifically Turkey and Iran). His find is XX. His area of interest in global studies is the economics and how regional integration affects it. Over the years, we have witnessed the adverse effects of a nation that is divided. States that work in collaboration with others benefit from a broad base of knowledge as well as subsidized trade duties. They also enjoy the benefit of unlike aid and trade from the other states with whom they are partnering with. It also promotes a peaceful co-existence among the nations that are integrated. Most of all, they advance their economies of scale and advice one another on the vanquish ways to make their individual state economies to grow. Of particular interest to this member is the economic growth pattern of the Middle East over the ye ars. He believes though the economy was quite influential sometime back, it experienced some setbacks and stumbled a little. Besides the issue of national and economic integration, his argument is that a states organization of its semipolitical economy is very key if the state is to realize sustainable economic growth (Alan & John). This member by the name YY believes a states economy is dependent on a number of factors. He is particularly interested in studying the demographic trends of states in order to unveil the linkages between demographic change, food, water, urban life, and regional economic integration and the states economy. In demographics, he focuses on the literacy levels of the natives, income per capita, population growth rates, and employment opportunities among others. These issues he argues that, are of charge importance as they are directly linked to the economy of the state.

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations Assignment

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations - Assignment Example unfluctuating financial management obligates the organization to take part in long-term strategic plan as well as short-term operations planning and should become part of the organizations continuous process of planning.A solid financial management is important in assisting organizations to ensure they use their resources in an effective and streamlined manner in order to achieve and fulfill the commitments that have been identified by the stakeholders. It also assists the organization to have more accountability to its donor, as well as well as other stakeholders, which will increase the respect and confidence of the agencies that fund it, its partners along with its beneficiaries. Lastly, it can assist the organization to gain a competitive advantage in regards to increasingly scarce resources, which will be important when preparing for long-term financial sustainability.Financial management is seen as an impor tant manner that should be taken by all organizations in their pursuit for success. The aim of this paper is to provide an insightful account of applying financial management approaches to non-profit organizations while canvas with for-profit firms regardless of the fact that the strategic management approaches for both organizations are the same. Nonetheless, a non-profit firm typically functions in a monopolistic setting that provides commodities with low quantifiability while being reliant on external financial sources. The non-profit industry is experiencing growth and this creates a need to appreciate its efficiency with governance being decisive to the stakeholders, donors and tax authorities among others.A non-profit firm is an organization that is exempted from taxes that is created with the main aim of providing services to the public without making profits. In order to be classified as a non-profit firm, an organization

Projectile Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Projectile - Lab Report Example. The ball was thusly pushed into the back making sure it does not move forward. A test shot was then made to determine where the ball lands after which a carbon paper was placed on the white sheet. The ball was then fired 6 different cartridge clips and the quad travelled by the ball from where the ball leaves the launcher recorded.The position of the launcher was made in such(prenominal) a way that the launcher launches the ball at 200 the steps in part A were then repeated and data recorded in table 2If the velocity is increased, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground will be more than the calculated speed. Considering the velocity equation, its chiseled that velocity is directly proportional to time thus an increase in velocity consequently increases the time.Trajectory labeled C has the longest hang time. This is because the distance travelled by the projectile is longer as compared to the other two i.e. A & B since distance travelled is directly proportional to hang timeThe experiment was successful since from the measured distance, it was possible to calculate the both the time and the velocity of the projectile

Persuasive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive Speech - Essay ExampleFor every one of us, our childhood was the cute gift by the lord above. But wait, if it was a precious gift for us what about those unprivileged children who are badly struck with the fears of poverty, fear of getting beat out up at work, more precisely, the child labor, fear of being the victim of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. For all(a) those children, childhood means nothing but a nightmare filled with abuses, injuries, pains and lots more.Today I will speak on Child Abuse. Can we spare a minute from our restless lives to think and act against all sorts of abuses to protect our children to save our future generation and our future leaders from all the evils dwelling in our society? Say no to child abuse. Help a child to restore his self-esteem and his confidence but most importantly, his childhood.I was surprised to know when I read that a number of children die of abuse and extreme neglect than of natural calamities. With the passage of time, the percentage of child abuse is soaring day by day and unfortunately. I have never observed any full efforts or actions taken by the developed societies on this serious problem. How oblivious we are? Today, here with all my heart I condemn child abuse be it physical, emotional, mental or sexual. Every child has a right to live a tone of freedom. They deserve the same share of happiness and joy as we deserved in our times and like many of the privileged children around the world.It is important to visit the term Child abuse before I continue further. Child abuse is a serious injury inflicted purposefully upon a child by anyone who is in the role of his caregiver. Child abuse can be physical, mental, emotional or sexual. Child abuse is a global issue which needs serious efforts by all of us. It has been affecting children from all age groups to 18 years of age. The percentage of reported child abuse cases are increasing day by day. However, it has been observed that a large number of child abuses

Patient centred care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

forbearing centred care - Essay ExampleBut as time has passed by increasing the number of patients many times amongst the remains, centre of attention has not been a patients personal health care rather then saving the system itself. Patient-centered care helps in bringing patients voice to the center of the health care system. It is responsive to the individual patients preferences, needs and values. It ensures that the patients voice your voice guides all clinical decisions.Patient centeredness is becoming a widely used, but poorly understood, concept in medical practice. It may be most commonly understood for what it is nottechnology centered, doctor centered, infirmary centered, disease centered. Definitions of patient centered care seek to make the implicit in patient care explicit. Such definitions are, we recognize, oversimplifications which help in teaching and query but fail to capture the indivisible whole of a healing relationship. Perhaps qualitative research comes clo ser to conveying the qualities of such care.What is Patient touch on Care Do patients need and do doctors really practice it What are its benefits We will focus it through these two questions.

What are the trends in non-state conflict over the past 20-30 years Research Paper

What argon the trends in non-state conflict over the past 20-30 years (or for whatever time period you select data) - look Paper ExampleCitizen to political sympathies tensions happen in militaristic states. Often, the civilians consider the government as oppressive, the reason why they fight against it. In other instances, the soldiery rules the state after conducting a successful coup dtat. History is replete with examples such as what happened in Afghanistan in 1978 and Argentina in 1966 (Political unbalance Task Force).Political parties competition is evident based on historical accounts. Compared to ethnic rivalries and citizen to government tensions, this type of non-state conflict is continuous, from 1955 until now. Nevertheless, it is only apparent in states which are not yet completely democratic like Benin and Congo-Kinshasa (Political Instability Task Force).Significantly, from the year 1946 up to 2005, internal armed conflict has decreased (Williams 159). From 2002 un til 2005, battle-death internal conflicts have declined by about seventy percent (Williams 159). However, if the years 1946 and 2004 will be compared, there is a higher incident of non-state armed conflict in the latter(prenominal) year (Williams 159).Ethnic rivalries are recurring as ethnic groups want to preserve their identity and existence from generation to generation. There are times when they invite to bear arms just to maintain societys recognition. In some other situations, they have to compete for power and authority. This goes to say that power sputter is evident upon ethnic groups. This struggle turns into conflict when politics and religion join into the picture. If the government is not committed to providing a solution, this conflict persists.It is understandable why citizen to government tensions occur in states governed by the military. Often, this kind of government is strict and autocratic, the reason why the citizens could feel dissatisfied and oppressed (Art a nd Waltz 3). Since the one, which has power and authority, is the military, there is no other recourse but to unite and fight. The citizens,

New York and Caribbean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New York and Caribbean - Essay Examplelationship between the Europeans and the Amerindian people was affected due to the policies that were put up in place by the Europeans who also became the rulers in the area. The Europeans were quite aggressive and they changed the way of life of the people in North America. The paper is thus a reflection of the European settlement in the Caribbean and North America.The non indigenous communities including the Europeans settled in the region due to various reasons. One of the reasons for settling in the region was to spread Christianity. Christopher Columbus was a Christian of the catholic faith and he thought that it was his duty as a good Christian to spread the Christian religion (Cantwell & diZerega Wall, 2003). This led to the settlement of the missionaries in the region. The authorities in Spain were also for the idea of spreading the catholic faith and they sent missionaries who settled in the region. The missionaries from Spain were a ttach to by the soldiers who were sent by the authorities. This led to the colonization of the indigenous people as the settlers stated forming the administrative units. The indigenous people were also forced to drop out their religious and cultural practices. The Europeans also intended to establish trade routes along the coastal region and hence leading to the settlement. T his is considering that the Europeans at the time were primarily involved in trading activities. The coast demesnes were import for the trade as there were good habours a long the coastal area. The presence of the good habours indicated that the area was good for carrying out the trading activities.The economy of the region at the time was not good as the indigenous people were not actively assiduous in economic activities. The explorers were able to come up with the conclusion that the region was not developed economically as compared to the other parts of Europe. Developing the region economically was ther efore considered important as it would have

Alternatives to Nuclear Energy Essay Example for Free

Alternatives to thermo thermonuclear Energy EssayRisky thermonuclear Energy Nuclear energy is a bargain on the short run it is gaudy, produces a lot of power, and a nuclear plant can be built around anywhere. The plant does not give off any carbon dioxide or sulfur, but unfortunately, the good news ends here. Nuclear Energy produces a by-product called hot waste, or spent fuel rods, and can be dangerously radioactive for more than four hundred human generations. Fortunately, there are alternatives that provide clean, cheap energy without the use of radioactive elements. A newly developed power plants that runs off of spent fuel cells and geothermal power can be solutions to nuclear energy. Even though alternatives such as reused uranium and geothermal power can be solutions, they have a few draw mainstays such as fix and distance, but the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and are much safer to operate than nuclear energy. Nuclear energy makes up 20% of the United States electricity and provides 17% of the worlds electricity (EPA. gov, Nuclear Power). Although nuclear reactors do not produce greenhouse gasses, mining and refining uranium requires large amounts of energy.If Transatomics reactor is built, it would capture 98 percent of the energy in spent fuel pellets, meet the nations energy needs for 70 years, and makes the radioactive waste inert within a couple of hundred years (David Ferris). Although beam meltdown is and other nations. Instead fuel calls lasting more than four hundred generations, it might Just last for only four. Another solution to nuclear power and oil drilling is geothermal power. Using hot irrigate from deep underground, geothermal energy might provide a cheaper alternative to diesel engine (Loy).Geothermal power utilizes heat from the Earth to superheat water and create enough steam to power a generator. The heated water is then fed back into the Earth to replenish the supply and continue the process. Power is generat ed similarly in nuclear and geothermal power plants. Both use heat to increase the temperature of water and then send the steam to drive a turbine. The only difference between the two is that nuclear power plants uses dangerous nonrenewable fuel season geothermal power uses the heat of the Earth, an almost inexhaustible source of energy.Geothermal power plants have to be located next to or above particular(prenominal) locations with high hot springs underneath. This is a problem in some countries because it either has no hot underground reservoirs or geothermal areas are too off the beaten track(predicate) away from urban centers, where electricity is needed the most. Although location is a drawback, the only potential danger from a geothermal power plant is a mash exposition from one of the income pipes or pressure tanks. In the event of a pressure exposition, the only gas released into the atmosphere is water vapor and flying debris.It does not have the potential to spread can cer to thousands or harm more than 6 million people. An addition to clean, safe power, the plant can be clandestine underground because it does not produce any emissions such as carbon dioxide or even water vapor. All the gasses are contained in the tubes and chambers, allowing the plant to be able to operate in confined areas. This can enable power plants to be built in pristine locations or urban centers without affecting the wildlife or busy traffic on the surface. Nuclear energy should not be there future of the worlds power source.Although it is a cheaper alternative to renewable resources, it is many time more environmentally costly and can affect millions of peoples lives if an accident were to occur. Nuclear power has developed over the decades, but I think we should let go of this last-century source and move on to more earth-friendly alternatives. Many power companies use power from renewable sources such as solar or wind, you can friend change the course of America by switching power companies or contacting your local politicians about changing our infrastructure for the better.

Important technical development Essay Example for Free

Important technical development EssayThe most important technical development was the chunking of the liner shipping barter. The shipping industry has been so successful at exploiting this technical development that the cost of sea conveyance has hardly increased. Coal and rock oil cost little more to transport in the mid 1990s than in 1940s. Those important private roads which be mostly affecting the request for sea transport are 8 The World Economy As it was discussed before that world economy with its output and trade is the most important single factor to drive demand for shipping and any crisis in the world economy reflects in the demand for shipping. In disconcert 01 its clear that ups and downs of shipping demand is also proportionable to world trade. There are 03 different aspects of the world economy that may bring about change in the demand for sea transport ,which are- The chore Cycle The business cycle lays the foundation for freight cycles. Fluctuation in the rate of economic growth work through in to the sea borne trade, creating a cycle pattern of demand for ships. For example, two major recession in shipping business in 1975 and 1981-1983 ,which co-incited with the recession of the world economy.This economic cycles arise from a combination of external and internal factors. The external factors include events such as wars or sudden changes in trade good prices such as crude oil, which cause a sudden change in demand. Internal factors refer to the dynamic structure of the world economy itself, which it is argued, leads naturally to a cyclical rather than elongate growth path. Five of the most common business cycles are- I. The Multiplier and accelerator The main internal mechanism which creates cycles is the interplay between consumption and investment.II. Time-lags The delays between economic finish and their implementation can make cyclical fluctuation more extreme. The shipping markets provides and excellent example for thi s. During a shipping market prosper, ship owners order ships that are not delivered until the market has gone into recession. When the arrival of the new ships at a time when there is already a surplus, further discourages new ordering barely at the time when shipbuilders are running out of work. The result of their time lags is to make booms and recession more extreme and cyclical. III.Stock construct It produces sudden conk out of demand as industries adjust their stocks during the business cycle. On several occasion shipping boom have been driven by short-term stock building by industry in anticipation of future shortage or price rises. Examples are the Korean war in 1952-53, the dry cargo boom of 1974-75, mini tankers boom in 1979 and summer 1986. Tanker booms were caused by temporary stock building by the world oil industry. IV. Mass psychology If tidy sum act in an imitative manner a particular trend will build up to a level where they can affect the exclusively econom ic system.Their periods of optimism and pessimism pop off self fulfilling through the medium of stock exchanges, financial booms and the behaviour of investment. V. Random shocks Random shocks such as wars, weather changes, new resources, commodity price changes, which upset the stability of economic system may contribute to the cyclical process. Its impact on the shipping market is often very punishing ,for example ,1930s depression which followed by the wall street crash of 1929. Other two aspects are The trade elasticity and The trade development cycle-which are fit to business cycle.Other factors which have very strong influence on shipping demand are Transport cost. Transport cost are an fixings in the costs of production and If transport Costs are low ,its possible for domestic commodities to be substituted for the cheaper goods supplied over great distances, which will create business opportunities for shipping. The globalisation of the world economy has reinforced the i nherent and unique internationalism and fluidity of the shipping industry, while over the same period the industry has become vastly more productive, with very much larger, faster ships and new techniques such as containerisation.By understanding and exploiting world economic activities and trade pattern along with all the other factors stated above, which are mostly controlling the shipping demand, ship owners and shipping management can achieve maximum business profit. From table one it is clear that the future growth of world trade and out put will definitely create more demand for shipping. Thus the derived demand nature of shipping demand creating huge opportunity for ship owners and shipping management to profit from the ups and downs of world trade.References1. whitepaper of DTLR on British Shipping Charting a sassy Course ,para-9,obtained from www. shipping. dtlr. gov. uk/cnc/index. html ,or menu-whitepaper, october2001. 2. Chrzanowski I, 1985, An Introduction To Shipping E conomics, Fairplay Publications. 3. Abrahamsson B J, 1980,International Ocean Shipping Current Concepts and Principal, WestView Press. 4. McConville J,1999,Economics of Maritime Tansport,p42,The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, Londonwww.isl.org

Linguistics and Change Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Change EssayIt is very easy to demonstrate to English speakers that languages change over time. (Holmes, 210) Language is always changing and because of the time, the people, the gender, the age, the social class, and so forth It is very normal to see even in a decade that language has change in some ways, it always take hold the original background but as it goes changing it may be that you wont recognize it that much.Like an example that is mentioned by Holmes, it says that the k of knit and clapper wasnt silent in the fifteenth century. So it sewer be seen how important the matter of time is in language change. Another example given by Holmes is about the meaning of the words like once nice meant precise, and before that it meant fastidious and earlier still it meant ignorant. Language varies in three ways-overtime-in corporeal space-sociallyWhich are the major ways that variation occurs in language. We can pull in by variation that is the way language c hanges, a planetary term, general changes. And by change we can understand that is when a word, the pronunciation, etc. is modified overtime. In fewer words is the modification of a special concept. So a language change has its origins in variation (Holmes, 212) its understood that when a recent form is spread it means that the change its being done. And if at the end the new form is now used instead of the old one it means it has already completed the change. Thats called fait accompli.The changes spread depending on the social factors such as gender, status, age, region, etc. Linguistic changes infiltrate groups from the speech of people on the margins between social or regional groups via the middle people who have contact in to a greater extent than one group (Holmes 218) this is called change from group to group, and it determines that the middle class has much more contact than for example the high with the low, but as an intermediate the changes can be made in all groups, s pecially if it comes from the high and it goes to the low.Theres also the change from fashion to style that is about the formal and casual speech. It goes from a style to another and from an individual to another and from a social group to another. And the changeword to word, sound changes spread through different words one by one. (Holmes, 222) this is known as lexical diffusion and it means it begins in one word and then goes further with similar phonetic sound words. But its not all at the same time.As a conclusion I might say that I think language change is a confused concept because the change involves a lot of factors that make it happen. But at the end it continues happening and wont stop. Thats why the older people barely understand the new changes, but the ones that understand the new ones, will have a hard time with the future ones.BibliographyHolmes, Janet. AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS.New York Longman, 1992.

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay

Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work EssayIntroductionPublic concern over adolescent versed easyness and the resolutions to these concerns has over the retiring(a) three decades generated political debate and academic inquiry the world over. At the core of adolescent sexual health is the issue of teen motherhood. southwestward Africa has non been sp atomic number 18d from the challenges adolescent pregnancy presents. Inquiry into teen pregnancy in southeastward Africa began in the 1980s. In an effort to control the prevalence of jejune pregnancy, academics and policy makers identical welcome developed various strategies and policies targeting adolescents. Yet three decades later, puerile pregnancy still re principal(prenominal)s a topical issue in south Africa. al more or less 16 million adolescent girls mingled with 15 and 19 years give birth each year worldwide, and 80% of these girls are demonstrate in developing countries (World Health Org anisation, 2010). In South Africa, 40% of all births involve girls under the age of 19 years, and 35% of these immaturers, give birth before stretching the age of 19 years (Medical Research Council, 2009).According to the Depar bothrk forcet of Basic Education (2009), in South Africa, a total of 45,000 puerilers were with child(predicate) in 2008, while the fig increased to 49,000 in 2009.This chapter examines literature on teenage pregnancy, and pull up stakes assist in providing rationale and context for this reputation. This literature review will deviate from the tralatitious Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) literature studies that isolate individuals from neighborly, cultural and stinting contexts that influences and shape their give outs. The weakness of KAP studies is that they do not acknowledge the effect of cultural, economic and societal meanss on human behavior. Jewkes et al. (2001) add that KAP studies on teenage pregnancy in South Africa drop mainly been descriptive and do not make an effort to mark for the gap between knowledge, attitude and perception. In effort to account for these discrepancies, and come up with gaps in teenage pregnancy research, this literature review has been divided into the side by side(p) two sections (i) the consequences of child bearing on teenagers, and (ii) factors contributing to teenage pregnancy.CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDBEARING FOR TEENAGERSThe challenge of unplanned and undesirable pregnancy for a teenager has long-term consequences, not only for the mother, but for society as a whole, with far-reaching implications for economic and social development. Mpanza (201066) puts forward that teenagers who clear out of en light-headeden cod to pregnancy never do well after they return from childbirth, this can be attributed to divided loyalties between taking care of the child and continuation of school. Because of its usually un cute and unplanned nature, teenage pregnancy always poses a health and social risk, a point further supported by Edgardh (2000), Genius and Genius (2004), Santelli (2000), and Petiffor et al. (2004). These studies confirm that early sexual initiation is a predictor of notional sexual behaviour and is more than likely to be non-consensual, unprotected and to be subsequently regretted, resulting in unplanned and unwanted pregnancy.While the consequences of teenage pregnancy are varied, it is master(prenominal) to acknowledge that teenage pregnancy is a result of a complex set of varied, but coordinated factors. An understanding of these factors will alter a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy.Disruption of schoolTeenage pregnancy has the potential of limiting a learners future(a) career prospects. For the pregnant learner, impending motherhood forces her to drop out of school as she is unable to continue studying (Macleod Tracey, 2009). Learners are forced to head school when their pregnancy has progressed as schools are trustate of their state (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The De set offment of Educations (DoE) 2007 Measures for the Pr showcaseion and Management of Learner Pregnancy makes it possible for educators to request learners take a forget of absence for up to two years (Macleod Tracey, 200915). Even with legislation in place, pregnant teenagers are sent forth from school preceding than they should (ibid). This is probably due to the perception that pregnant learners are a bad influence to other learners.Vagueness and ambiguity of the education guideline presents a challenge to the educators who are left to regard it at their discretion. For instance, the document puts the accountability of parenting firmly on the learner, and states that a period of two years exsanguinousthorn be necessary for this purpose. No learner shall be should be re-admitted in the same year that they left school due to pregnancy (DoE, 20075), educators are left to deci de how long the learner stays away from school. This ruling whitethorn be in conflict with the desires of the unripe mother who may have sufficient support at home, which enables her to return to school earlier than expected (Bhana Swartz, 2009).Young fathers are in addition affected by pregnancy, albeit differently. It has been reported that impending fatherhood, cultural and societal expectations may force the new-fashi geniusd father to leave school and seek employment. This is conditional as it depends on whether the boy accepts responsibility or not (Shefer Morrell, 2012 Bhana Swartz, 2009).However, Macleod and Tracey (2009) argue that the level of disruption caused by pregnancy on learners is debatable as learners drop out of school for various fountains of which teenage pregnancy is one. Preston-Whyteand Zondi (1992) concur with this assertion. Manzinis (2001) study of teenage pregnancy in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) shows that more than 20.6% of pregnant teenagers had alread y dropped out of school before buy the farming pregnant. Apart from falling pregnant, teenagers may leave school due to frustrations associated with the inexperience of teachers, who often are needed to teach in areas that are not their expertise, and a overleap of relevance of the curriculum and teaching materials (Human Science Research Council, 2007). Among factors within the home that led to drop-out, learners in this study cited the absence of parents at home, financial difficulties and the need to care for siblings or sick family member.Strassburg et al. (2010) and Fleisch et al. (2010) concur with the 2007 HRSC findings and assert that the reasons teenagers drop out of school are a combination of inter-related factors. As such, Fleisch et al. (2010) note that poverty alone cannot best explain why teenagers drop out of school, because there are other factors such as academic ability of the teenager, teacher-pupil relationship, support from home and school, alcohol and drug abuse and family structure that contribute to school dropout.Lloyd and Mensch (199585) summarise the various reasons why teenagers may drop out of school by stating that,Rather than pregnancy causing girls to drop out, the lack of social and economic opportunities for girls and women and the domestic demands placed on them, conjugated with the gender inequities of the education system, may result in unsatisfactory school experiences, poor academic performance, and acquiescence in or endorsement of early motherhood.However, pregnancy ranks among the top contributors to school dropout for girls in South Africa (HRSC, 2009).While pregnancy may not be the reason for leaving school, child care is a reason for not returning to school. Manzini (2001) indicates that young mothers, who have to take care of their babies, and find it difficult to juggle student life and being a mother, ultimately drop out. Various reasons for not returning to school have been explored, among them being a lac k of a support structure, financial challenges and access to a Child declare Grant (CSG). Research in South Africa indicates that teenagers who do not have support from their families and struggle financially once the baby is born, usually dropout of school so as to provide for the baby and themselves (Bhana Swartz, 2009). On the other hand, studies in Brazil and Guatemala indicate that girls are forced to imagine for jobs to supplement family income and take care of the in the buff family member (Hallman et al., 2005).Young mothers who have support structures in the form of parents and grandparents have an opportunity of returning to school (Grant Hallman, 2006). Matthews et al. (2008) concur and maintain that the presence of an older young-bearing(prenominal) in the family enables learners to return to school, while the absence of the same forces them to look for alternative ways of making a living. This is the same with teenage fathers who have accepted responsibility and h ave family that is prepared to support the child (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The return to school in South Africa is motivated by a desire for a better life. anecdotal present suggests that parents of African teenage mothers usually send the teenager choke off to school, since she has a higher chance of fetching high bride price in the event that she gets married. In the African belief system, an educated woman is bound to fetch a higher price than that of an uneducated one (Macleod, 2009 Mkwananzi, 2011 Bhana, Swartz Morrell, 2012). Kaufman, de Wet and Stadler (2000) concur, adding that the fact that the teenager has proven her fertility actually increases her chances of marriage in future. Interestingly, teenagers in Hlabanganas 2012 study in Soweto (South Africa) indicated that falling pregnant before marriage decreases the bride price, as prospective grooms consider the teenage mothers as used goods. Reasons for returning to school after pregnancy may vary for both sexes, but the significant part is that the teenager is back in school.Clearly the effects of teenage pregnancy on the teenager vary for the young parents, the difference may lie in the financial serving of the teenagers family and on the part of the young father whether or not he accepts responsibility of the pregnancy. The consequences of dropping out of school for teenage girls due to pregnancy cannot be overestimated, especially in a continent where the adage when you educate a woman , you educate a nation holds true (Hubbard, 2009 223). The main thrust of the study is to understand why teenagers continue falling pregnant in the face of efforts by the South African government in trying to manage teenage pregnancy. In an effort to control and manage teenage pregnancy, the government has provided youth-friendly clinics, life skills programmes in schools and is currently on a much opposed drive to supply condoms in schools. Opposition for distributing condoms in schools comes from parents who fear that by distributing condoms in schools, teenagers are given indirect permission to indulge in sexual activities.In light of the efforts made by the South African government and a decade of spending on teenage pregnancy management, figures still indicate that teenage pregnancy rates are on the increase nationwide. Disruption of school, as a consequence of teenage pregnancy merits scrutiny in this study, as it will enable an understanding of their perceived effect of teenage pregnancy on young girls who are pregnant.health risksResearch on health risks associated with early childbirth in teenagers is mainly divided into two main camps. One camp argues that teenagers are at risk of health problems due to their socio-economic positioning. The other camp, which is scientific, argues that age at primary childbirth puts young women at risk of health problems as she is not mature enough to push the baby, and this proves fatal to both mother and child. Some young mothers who have as sisted births end up having obstetric complications such as hemorrhaging and damage to the womb. Macleod (2009) identifies paucity of research in South Africa in terms of health risks associated with early childbirth.Age at first child birth contributes to a range of complications, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, obstructed and prolonged labour, low birth weight, preterm labour and delivery, perinatal and baby mortality, and maternal mortality (WHO, 2007). These complications are usually associated with the physical immaturity of teenagers, an assertion that Cameron (1996) supports and adds that limited access to health care services is another contributing factor to the range of complications. He suggests that complications become more pronounced when the teenager decides to terminate pregnancy (Cameroon, 199683).In South Africa, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy recreate (No. 92 of 1996) allows minors under the age of 18 years to terminate a pregnancy witho ut the consent of either parents or guardians. Manzini (2001) suggests that due to health force-out attitudes, teenagers are forced to have unsafe abortions, which may lead to death. Lack of support structure before and after termination maybe the reason for teenagers resorting to self-administered terminations and this usually leads to irreversible damage to the womb or even death (Petiffor et al., 2005).Sexually active young fathers face different health challenges from those of the young mother and child. Bhana and Swartz (2009) indicate that young fathers in Cape Town (South Africa), often have multiple and concurrent partners (MCP), and this puts them at bulky risk of contracting and spreading HIV. However, they are diligent to mention that impending fatherhood for those that have accepted responsibility is cause for behaviour change. MCPs are one of the main drivers of the spread of HIV (Halperin Epstein, 2007). Young men put themselves at risk by practicing unprotected se x with multiple partners who themselves may be part of a potentially sexual network.Geronimus and Sanders (1992) observe that young African American women who live in conditions of poverty are more prone to problems as they are unable to access pre- and post-natal care. They note that this is different for white teenage mothers who are the bulk of teenage mothers in America. Geronimus and Sanders (1992) suggest that this may be due to the differences in economic status of the teenagers. Macleod (1999) points out that despite their socio-economic status, teenage mothers hardly ever access pre- and post-natal services. This may be due to the stigma associated with teenage pregnancy, and may also be due to the attitudes of service providers. While studies may site negative attitudes of staff towards teenagers (Wood Jewkes, 2003), Ehlers (2003) paints a more positive picture, arguing that youth-friendly services initiated by South Africas Department of Health (DoH) have made great stri des in addressing the stigma attached to adolescent sexuality.The Child Support Grant (CSG)Social grants or assistance can best be described as non-contributory cash transfer programmes set up by the government for the under privileged, aged or undefended (Grosh et al., 2008). Social grants are very important as they assist in alleviating poverty, reducing the level of vulnerability of vulnerable groups in society and providing social insurance to the vulnerable groups in society (Neves et al., 2009).The CSG was first introduced in South Africa in April 1998 as a poverty alleviation strategy for the poorest children (Parliamentary Liaison Office, 2007). Initially restricted to children under the age of seven years, it was later protracted to include 14 year olds in 2003. According to Hall (2011), the CSG pay-out in 2011 was R275 per month per child.A lot of debate surrounds the CSG and teenage pregnancy in South Africa with the media fuelling the opinion that teenagers fall pregna nt to access the CSG. Popular opinion states that the CSG has led to a perverse incentive for teenagers to conceive and go on to spend the cash on personal goods (Macleod, 2006). In response to the media outcry, the Department of Social Development (DSD) commissioned research into the matter in 2006. The research concluded that there was no direct relationship between CSG and teenage pregnancy (Kesho Consulting, 2006). Other research by Makiwane and Udjo (2006) concluded that there is no evidence that the CSG leads to an increase in eudaimonia dependency in South Africa. Furthermore, during the period in which the CSG has been offered, rates of termination of pregnancy have increased (Macleod, 2009). In 1998, when the CSG was introduced, abortion rates were at 4.1%, a decade later abortion rates were at their all-time high of 8.1 %, and in 2011 they were at 6.3%. Macleod (2009) suggests that the high rate of abortion amongst teenagers, in the face of the CSG, is evidence that ther e is no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy.Matsidiso Nehemia Naong (2011) concurs with research that indicates that there is no link between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. In her study of three of South Africas provinces (Free State, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape), Naongs sample of 302 school principals and 225 Grade 12 learners indicated that there was no relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Instead, the study concluded that poverty, peer drag and bosom abuse contributed to teenage pregnancy. Naong concludes that teenage pregnancy and CSG are divorced and any influence between the two is negligible.Interestingly enough, anecdotal evidence suggests that more and more teenage girls are falling pregnant in an effort to access the CSG so as to complement household earning or in some instances the CSG is the main source of income. In such cases teenage pregnancy ceases to be unplanned and becomes planned and unwanted. In a 2005 study of CSG use in KZN, Cas e, Hosegood and Lund (2005) showed that 12.1% of pregnant teenagers who had conceived cited the CSG as the reason. Tyali (2012) in his study of HIV and AIDS communication in Platfontein (South Africa) found that teenagers were deliberately falling pregnant so as to access the CSG, while others wanted to access the HIV and AIDS grant.Marsh and Kaus (2010) study of teenagers perceptions and understanding of teenage pregnancy, sexuality and abortion concurs with Tyalis (2012) conclusion that teenagers deliberately fall pregnant to access the CSG. development a population sample of 35 teenagers (24 girls and 11 boys), Marsh and Kau (2010) ascertained that the CSG was perceived as means of increasing household income, by having a baby, the teenager then contributes towards the household income through access of the CSG. Interestingly, Marsh and Kaus research population indicated that the influence or pressure to bear children in order to access the CSG came from family. On the other ha nd other teenagers viewed the CSG as a way of increasing the pocket money for clothes and cell phones.On the other hand, the CSG has been credited with alter teenager mothers to return to school. The CSG is associated with an increase in school attendance and improved child health and nutrition. Thus, the grant can be associated with an improvement in the lives of children whose caregivers turn around the CSG on their behalf (Macleod, 200924).It will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive the relationship between the CSG and teenage pregnancy. Their attitudes regarding the grant will also be important in the formulation of a communication intervention, and eventually contribute towards efforts to manage teenage pregnancy rates.CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TEENAGE PREGNANCYThe present study does not look at pregnant teenagers knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy instead it focuses on non-pregnant teenagers knowledge attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. Having said that, contributing factors to teenage pregnancy merit exploration as these factors will shed light on knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards teenage pregnancy. Understanding how teenagers make meaning of teenage pregnancy through their knowledge, attitudes and skills is important in event if this understanding is viewed through the contributory factors to teenage pregnancy.Contributing factors to teenage pregnancy are important for this study as they will put the study in context and enable the researcher not to take the revisionist and reductionist approach towards teenage pregnancy. The reductionist and revisionist approaches to teenage pregnancy ignore other non-sexual factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. The following contributing factors were apparent in this review of the literature and will be dealt with in the following sectionsFamily RelationsFamily is an important unit for socialisation as it enables the sharing of beliefs and ideals that lead to societal norms. Research indicates that family relations are an important aspect in teenage pregnancy rates. Eaton (2003) and Bhana (2004) found that teenagers with single parents were prone to risky sexual behaviour, and pregnancy compared to those with both parents. This may be attributed to issues to do with shared control and responsibility of both parents, whereas in single family parents control is vested in one parent. Family form becomes a protective condition to young people. Muchuruza (2000) concurs and puts forward that in Tanzania teenagers coming from single parent families have risky sexual behaviour and are more likely to become young parents. Where the single parent struggles to provide for the girl child, the girl is at greater risk of pregnancy as she has to look for means of survival and usually this is achieved through intergenerational relationships. The major reason why teenagers require in intergenerational relationships with older men an d women is that they see them as providers of social status symbols such as fla uncertain cell phones and jewellery, while at the same time taking care of their basic needs. such relationships jeopardize the health of the two people involved as the teenager is unable to negotiate for safe sex because of fear of losing their economic goals (Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). Most documented research on intergenerational relationships is between girls and sugar daddies. These sugar daddies feel that such relationships are transactional hence there is no need for them to use protection (ibid). Such relationships leave the teenager vulnerable to HIV and AIDS, pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and to sexual manipulation.Bhanas (2004) Cape Town (South Africa) study found that 66% of the teenagers reported that family norms enabled them to have people to advise them on how to live a constructive life, while 55% said that availability of family members acted as source of control for t heir sexual behaviour. This is evidence that family relations play an important part in the behaviour of teenagers and most importantly their sexual behaviour.The presence of a responsible biological father encourages girls to delay their sexual debut and instils in boys a sense of sexual responsibility. Blum and Mmari (2005) point out that the presence of a male figure in a household and their attitude to sexual behaviour plays an important part in influencing teenagers sexual behaviour. They found that girls with father figures who were against premarital sex were less likely to engage in premarital sex and experience unplanned pregnancy, compared to those with father figures who had sexually permissive attitudes and those without fathers. In the same context, Lovings (1993) investigation into the connection between family relationships and teenage pregnancy in Durban (South Africa), established that warm relationships between fathers and their girlfriends play an important role in delaying young girls sexual initiation.Mfono (2008) holds the view that teenage girls whose mothers were teenage mothers themselves have a greater chance of being teenage mothers. Arai (2008) discover that in Britain and America, the daughter of a teenage mother is one and a half more likely to become a teenage mother herself than the daughter of an older mother. This, according to Hlabangana (2012) is due to the fact that these teenagers come from communities where it is normal to be a teenage mother, since almost everyone has been or is a teenage mother. The HRSCs 2008 study of perceptions towards teenage pregnancy in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban (South Africa) coincides with Hlabanganas assertion that teenage pregnancy has been normalised. According to the respondents of the HRSC study, non-pregnant teenagers are viewed as the other, and are asked when they too will be pregnant. Such attitudes make teenage pregnancy a way of life, and teenagers themselves view teenage p regnancy as a reality that forms a part of everyday life rather than an alien occurrence (HRSC, 2008).This cycle self-perpetuates from one generation to another until it becomes acceptable and normal for teenagers to fall pregnant. The intergenerational cycle is a result of a lack of upward mobility upward mobility is an individuals ability to rise above their current social or economic position (Hlabangana, 2012). Arai (2008) considers this low expectation on the part of teenagers, as one of the reasons that perpetuates the intergenerational cycle of teenage pregnancy. This she attributes to structural factors in deprived communities such as schools that fail to give teenagers a reason to feel entitled to anything. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of teenagers towards teenage pregnancy may be rooted in the lack of upward mobility that Arai refers to.Arai (2008) notes that in Britain, the low expectation argument for teenage pregnancy is a healthy one as evidenced by many Briti sh researchers (Garlick et al., 1993 Rosato, 1999 Selman, 1998 Smith, 1993 Wilson, 1991). She puts forward that in Britain, teenage pregnancy is very high amongst teenagers who do not have family support, come from broken homes, are raised by single parents, have difficulty with school and who come from socially disadvantaged backgrounds. According to Arai (2008), teenagers from such backgrounds have access to contraception and sexual health information, but display a deficiency in their knowledge of sexual health, proper contraceptive use, are shy to engage in sexual health communication and are wary to access services for sexual health.In a 1999 study in Northumberland, Britain, it was discovered that teenage parents had low educational achievement and low expectations of their future prior to their parenthood Arai (2009). She notes that these teenagers went on to have low paying jobs where they had to work long hours. In another Scottish study, (Smith,1993 in Arai, 2009) observed that teenagers from deprived backgrounds were six times likely to fall pregnant and then abort than their counter parts from well to do areas. These studies, validate Arai (2009) and Hlabanganas (2009) notion of upward mobility and entitlement for more on the part of the teenagers.Interestingly, Rutenberg et al. (20035) in their study of attitudes towards HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy in KZN (South Africa) discovered that for some adolescents, increasing opportunities and aspirations for education and employment, in addition to the perceived risk of HIV and pregnancy, results in many adolescents not wanting an early pregnancy. Rutenberg et al.s study, validates Arais (2008) and Hlabanganas (2009) assertion that teenagers with a low sense of upward mobility are most likely to find themselves as teenage parents while those with a high level of upward mobility are most likely to prevent themselves from early parenthood. This study will seek to unearth these varying dynamics in an effort to understand teenagers attitudes towards other teenagers who fall pregnant.economic statusPregnancies among teenagers are related to social problems, and this is predominant in developing countries and in particular poverty stricken communities. Risky sexual behaviours among teenagers are more likely to occur in poor families and those with single families. Lack of resources forces girls to become sexually involved in an effort to get material gains (Jewkes, Morrell Christofides, 2009). Hallman (2004) found that in South Africa low income families contributed to risky sexual behaviour among young people in both rural and urban areas. The study argues that low income accounts for girls finish to engage in risky sexual behaviour in trying to make ends meet. Macleod (2009) and Manzini (2009) concur with Hallman, and further add that young people from low economic statuses are most likely not to use condoms. This is attributed to lack of access to health services, reproductiv e health information and proper support structures from other social institutions.Teenagers who find themselves in intergenerational relationships find themselves unable to negotiate safe sex practices in fear of jeopardising their economic goals (Panday et al., 2009 Leclerc-Madlala, 2008). Many young women not only engage in risky sexual activities to meet their basic needs such as money, food and clothing, but also to satisfy wants such as big-ticket(prenominal) cell phones, high-class jewellery and rides in luxury cars (Hunter, 2002 Leclerc-Madlala, 2004). Chances of teenage pregnancy become high when the teenager comes from a home without adult supervision and most likely poor economic standing. Mfono (2003) confirms these arguments stating that teenagers are at high risk of pregnancy if they come from financially disadvantaged backgrounds, or if they succumb to peer pressure to engage in sexual activities for economic gain.On the other hand, teenage girls reject the transactio nal sex talk and state that they are able to make do with what is available without having to engage in intergenerational and transactional relationships with older partners. Sathiparsad and Taylors (2011) study of 335 girls and boys in eThekwini Secondary Schools in Durban (South Africa) revealed that girls view themselves as independent and rational rememberers. These girls suggested that they do not think that sex is synonymous with love, and assert their power as individuals by their ability to say no to unprotected sex. This is indicative of girls resisting manipulation and normative submission (ibid). For the purposes of this study, it will be interesting to find out how teenagers perceive economic status as a contributing factor to teenage pregnancy.Gender DynamicsThe South African DoHs Policy Guidelines for Youth and Adolescent Health (2001) locates gender considerations as fundamental to the health of young people. The policy guidelines identify sexual health and sexual ex ploitation, sexual abuse, gender-based violence, coercive sex and gang rapes as areas of concern that put young women in particular at risk of HIV and AIDS and teenage pregnancy.Dunkle et al. (2004) in their study of young women attending ante-natal clinics in Soweto (South Africa) discovered that over half of the women aged between 15 and 30 years had been exposed to sexual violence. Another survey, conducted by the Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa (PPASA) in six of South Africas provinces, found that 20% of girls reported forced sexual encounters or were sexually assaulted (PPASA, 2003). Similarly, Vundule et al. (2001) found that 33% of girls in South Africa have their first intercourse as a result of force, including rape. Where there is unequal power distribution and lack of negotiation skills, pregnancy ceases to be a matter of choice.Sexual violence alters the power relations in any relationship, and in most cases women are vulnerable and unable to negotiate sa fe sex. Teenagers may avoid negotiating contraceptive usage, in particular condoms, for fear not only of violent reactions, but also of emotional rejection, of being labelled unfaithful or HIV positive (Wood, Maforah Jewkes, 1998). Furthermore, women attempting to use other invisible contraceptive methods, such as the injection, may be accused by their partners of causing infertility, disabled babies and vaginal