Kant s Philosophy Kantian Ethics - 1290 Words

Jonathan Hulbert Professor Fassbender Philosophy 201N April 26, 2015 Kantian Ethics Society, as we know it, is only possible through humans acting in accordance with a universal moral code. Because we as humans are rational beings and have free choice, we can make our own decisions, can hold ourselves to a standard that we ourselves set, and can act in accordance with our standards, as well as set standards for our own society. However, these standards must be held, otherwise they hold no meaning. Kant uses a black and white tactic, in order to determine which actions are moral and immoral. However, Kant’s downfall is his strength. The black and white tactic makes everything very clear, but it lacks the complexity needed to handle more sophisticated problems and decisions. Black and white does not take into account all the shades of gray between, and Kant needs to take into account all the shades of factors that impact human decision-making. Immanuel Kant, a Prussian Philosopher, developed Kantian morality. He believed that reason was enough to motivate humans to act and make decisions. Kantian morality is a theory that is based upon duty, which means that one would act on something based off of certain rules that are in place. Kant s construction of the moral law is founded by the imperatives. All imperative commands are either hypothetically or categorically. Hypothetical imperatives declare what you need to do in order to achieve what you want. Categorical imperativesShow MoreRelatedKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead MoreThe Between Utilitarianism And Deontology1345 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is morally just? Immanuel Kant, the founder of Deontology, along with Jeremy Bentham and James Mills, the founders of Utilitarianism, all attempted to answer this question. Bentham and Mills’ Utilitarianism stresses maximizing pleasure and happiness in the world over pain and unhappiness. In contrast, Kant’s Deontology focuses on honoring duties and obligations. A moral action must be â€Å"considered right and good by most people† (Merriam-Webster). The way Kant proposes that one achieves happinessRead MoreLying, By Jeremy Bentham1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthe more you do it the more comfortable one may become. Lying becomes a habit to many people, a habit they have a hard time breaking. Lying can simply be defined in one word, deception. Jeremy Bentham who is a British philosopher in the 1700’s and early 1800’s believed in the principle of utility otherwise known as utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham thinks it’s permissible to tell a small lie because in the long run Bentham is looking for the ultimate amount of happiness. Bentham believes in the greatestRead MoreDifferences Between Plato s And Kant1184 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping personal ethics, but each thinker approaches this universal question using different principles. Plato uses Socrates’ dialogue to assess how one acquires wisdom through the acknowledgement of inherent ignorance. Kant evaluates the causes of people remaining in willful ignorance and the methods by which they can lift themselves out of such a state into enlightenment. Before comparing these two philosophers, one must recognize that both have displayed differences in ethics, as some call oneRead MoreEssay on Immanuel Kant’s Non- consequentialist Ethical Theory 1369 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction According to Immanuel Kant the driving force behind our actions should be dictated by what is inherently good as sole consideration and not be based upon the effects of what such actions may produce such as the case in the consequentialist theory of cause. In this essay Kant’s ethical non-consequentialist theory will be briefly investigated and a comparison drawn between the two different theories in order to establish merit in employment thereof in practice. 2. Kantian Morality Central to Kant’sRead MoreThe Kant Theory of Moral and Ethics1948 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction. Philosophy plays an important role not only in modern society, but also in society as a whole. As we know philosophy can be represented as the science of contrast of different views and thoughts. Philosophers present their point of view, concerning for example, ethics, life, world outlook, and the rest of society and must choose the most suitable idea. As proven, without dispute and disagreements the philosophy couldn’t rise to such a high level at where it is today. Hence, theRead MoreMoral Theories Can Help Justify The Decisions That Are Made882 Words   |  4 Pagesis that makes some actions right and others wrong. These are then used as a guide to making choices. They operate at a more general level than moral or legal principles and rules. The four main groups that one should be aware of are: Utilitarian, Kantian, Aristotelian and Feminist. Utilitarian Utilitarianism is based on maximizing human welfare, it is seen as the only way to determines the rightness of actions (Duignan, 2015). Furthermore, theory is in opposition to egoism, the view that a personRead MoreThe Ethical Concepts Of Kantian Ethics Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesConsequences Introduction The philosophy of Kant has become a turning point in the development of the Western thinking and worldview. His innovative and progressive ideas have strongly contributed to the formation of a new paradigm of the universe and role of humans in it. A great role in Kant’s studies belongs to the analysis of ethics, morality and law as the main regulators of the human behavior in the society Kant is known as the founder of the deontological ethics (Kantianism), which presentsRead MoreThe Metaphysic Of Morals By Immanuel Kant1199 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant: A Reflection and Analysis Author name Name of institutionâ€Æ' In man’s attempt to figure out what is right or wrong, they have developed a number of systems that purportedly deal with such matters. Immanuel Kant expanded on his moral philosophy in his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. This paper will be a reflection upon Kantian ethical principles presented therein and their relation to what is generally called morality. PeopleRead MoreThe Ethics Of Non Voluntary Active Euthanasia1050 Words   |  5 Pagespatient s wishes. The nature of their obligation does not sway based on what they personally think. Patients with dementia have some moments of clarity, but because their brains are still deteriorating, non- voluntary active euthanasia should still be permissible under these conditions. In the theory of deontology, it is defined as â€Å"the focus on the duties and obligations one has in carrying out actions, rather than in the consequences of those actions.† (Mosser, 2013). Per Kantian ethics, it is

Civil Disobedience and Other Essays Response Questions

Question Responses to Henry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience 6 claims Henry David Thoreau made in his essay: †¢ I heartily accept the motto,__ That government is best which governs least; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. (Page one; Section one) My thoughts: This is the very first sentence in Henry Thoreau s essay Civil Disobedience. His claim that government is best when it governs the least is explained though out the first part of his essay. By this claim he means that by a government acting less by laws and more by moral and conscience judgment it would lead to a better nation. He claims that IF people ,citizens of the United States, started acting on our conscience (the†¦show more content†¦Here he compares the government to a civilian tax collector. Saying that he only sees him once a year and at that time the tax collector taunts him with the fact that he, as a person of the United States, has to follow this law no matter how immoral or unjust he thinks it is. Even now a tax collector is someone no one looks forward to seeing but at this time, when the government was still being questioned on immoral and unjust laws, when the people of the United States were questioning if they needed a g overnment at all, tax collectors where an unnecessary necessary. Meaning that yes they were there for a reason but the people never understood their purpose. By Thoreau claiming that a tax collector represented his government he implies that the government is mainly after his money and will go to many lengths to get it. Meaning that in someway or the other a government like this one is an unnecessary necessary. †¢ The mass of men serve the state thus, not as men mainly, but as machines, with their bodies. They are the standing army, and the militia, jailers, constables, posse comitatus, etc. In most cases there is no free exercise whatever of the judgment or of the moral sense; but they put themselves on a level with wood and earth andShow MoreRelatedA3 Civil Rights Citizenship And Participation1216 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Unit 3: Civil Rights, Citizenship, and Civic Participation This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: Inquiry Skills—You will identify and analyze real-world public problems, contribute appropriately to public deliberations, evaluate and use evidence, develop explanations and make persuasive arguments in support of your conclusions, and communicate your conclusions. 21st Century Skills—you will employ online tools for research and analysis, use critical-thinking and problem-solvingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†1570 Words   |  7 PagesThoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† Directions: Read â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† As you read, underline examples of Thoreau using rhetorical devices and identify and explain the devices via annotation. Answer questions 1-4 to prepare for further work with a small group. The group will work together on questions 5 through 8. Be ready to explain your answers to the whole class. Even when you’re working as a group you should be writing the answers. 1. Based on your reading of â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† whatRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1099 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does it mean to be civil disobedient people have many different interpretations of it? To be civil disobedient is to refuse to follow certain laws or to not pay any taxes or fines. It is a form of peaceful political protest you are trying to get someone s attention, in this case, the government. You are trying to make them listen to you and when they do not listen you do not do what they say. That’s what Thoreau did he grabbed their attention the only way he knows how he criticized their policiesRead MoreThoreau On Civil Disobedience1458 Words   |  6 PagesKonstantin Keller Anne Portman Philosophy 2010 4 December 2015 Thoreau on Civil Disobedience In Civil Disobedience, Henry Thoreau asserts that one should prioritize one’s conscience over the dictates of law. Thoreau begins his essay by arguing that government is rarely useful and that its power comes merely from the fact that the government is the strongest group, rather than because they hold the most correct viewpoint. He believes that people are obligated to do what they think is right and toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead MoreEssay about Use of Rhetorical Devices in Letter from Birmingham Jail1105 Words   |  5 PagesLetter From Birmingham Jail In Kings essay, Letter From Birmingham Jail, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. Kings eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make Letter From Birmingham Jail one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20th century. In BirminghamRead MoreNon Fictional Characters From The Movie The Great Debaters 1316 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many reasons and examples for the non-fictional characters from the movie, â€Å"The Great Debaters; however, civil disobedience can be cited and resonant with any society. First, describe a feeling of struggle and wanted to belong or presence from the beginning. How should a person connect and understand the continued era for all generation. For Instance, could anyone be shamed or turn down by a certain racial group at the same time. America has felt the urge to teach young children and adultsRead Moreï » ¿An Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail1204 Words   |  5 Pageshis demonstrations were â€Å"unwise and untimely† and also suggesting that the racial issues should be â€Å"properly pursued in the courts†. In other words, they were suggesting that black people should not protest, but wait for the court system to work instead. (Statement by Alabama Clergymen, 16 April 1963). Four days later, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter in response to the criticism seeking to lessen the aggression of white citizens toward African Americans and also revitalize the passion for nonviolentRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthe greatest book in all devotional literature.? (Experiments 48) Being at his father?s bedside also forged a lifelong tolerance for other religions. On most days the house was guest to one of his father?s friends, among them Jain monks and Zoroastrians. Watching his father treat other religions with respect and sincere interest gave Gandhi the ability to question his own beliefs, which would serve him later on his journey for truth. Upon graduating primary school in 1887, Gandhi embarked onRead MoreTranscendentalism in Civil Disobedience3710 Words   |  15 PagesDannheisig 1 Jan-Hendrik Dannheisig Susanne Hamscha, M.A. Re(dis)covering America: Emerson, Thoreau, and American Democracy 10 April 2012 Transcendentalism in Civil Disobedience Thoreaus Politics of Individuality and Nature Dannheisig 2 Contents Introduction 1. Transcendentalism a. Nature b. Introspective Conscience and Politics 2. Political Individualism a. Ethical and Political (In)justice b. Critique of Democracy Conclusion Bibliography 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dannheisig 3 Introduction

What You Need to Know About Biomes

If you want to learn about ecology, the first thing you need to understand is how all of living organisms in the world live with one another. A biome is an ecosystem or group of ecosystems that can be characterized by its vegetation, plant  and animals life, climate, geology, elevation, and rainfall.   Biomes are large ecosystem units. So while a puddle may be considered an ecosystem, the Pacific Ocean would be considered a biome. In most cases, the plants and animals in a biome will have special adaptations that make living in that community most successful.   So when ecologists study a particular plant or animal, they generally study its entire biome to have a better understanding of the role that species plays in its community. There are five basic types of land biomes and two categories of aquatic biomes. Each biome can then be broken down into a number of sub-biomes or zones that all have their own unique set of  geographic characteristics. Here are the defining characteristics of the worlds biomes: Land Biomes Tundra: A tundra is a treeless biome that is characterized by long, cold winters and short tepid summers. The word tundra  comes from the Russian word for uplands.   The cooler temperatures and shorter growing season limits the types of plants that are found in tundras to grasses, mosses, lichen, low shrubs, and a few flowering plants.   The three main types of tundra are the arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra.Grassland: As the name suggests, grasslands are characterized by the predominance of grasses and grass-like plants, such as sedge and rush.   Savannas are a type of grassland that also include a few scattered trees. Grasslands can be found on every continent in the world except for Antarctica.Forest:  In the forest biome, large groups of trees live together in close relationship with each other and with the other living things in the environment.    In general, the trees in a forest are so abundant that their tops touch or overlap, shading the ground .   Tropical rainforest, boreal forest,  and temperate forest are a few  types of forest biome.Desert:  Rainfall -  or the lack of it- is the defining characteristic of the desert biome.   Deserts get less than 10 inches of rainfall per year.   Because of this, many deserts have little to no vegetation while others have a few scattered low shrubs or grasses. Deserts are usually classified as hot or cold or  semi-arid or coastal.   Ã‚  Mountain: Every continent on Earth has a mountain biome.   Mountains are land masses that are usually found in groups called chains or ranges although some do exist on their own.   A single mountain may have many ecosystems  within it, starting with a desert at the base, changing to a forest as the elevation rises, and topped off with a tundra.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aquatic Biomes Water biomes make up over 75 percent of the Earths surface. They consist of freshwater ecosystems such as  ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands, as well as marine regions such as  coral reefs,  oceans,  and estuaries.Marine biomes are distinguished from freshwater by the presence dissolved compounds - usually salts - in the water. The amount of salt - or salinity - varies within each of the marine ecosystems.  Ã‚   Biomes play a critical role in the understanding of ecology because they help scientists study not only a specific plant or animal but also the role it plays in its community and the characteristics that it has developed to live in its environment.

Power Of Ceo / Chairman - 1005 Words

Increased power of CEO/Chairman Most of the publicly owned companies are against combining the roles; they vote for an independent chairman to help control the board and balance the power. Shareholders do have the right to have the best representation of their interests and independence. In case of combined roles, the CEO sets the agenda for the board or, basically, himself, there is a conflict of interests and supervision. The percentage of firms that do vote for splitting these roles is constantly increasing. Since the corporations are required to have board to oversee the management and ensure that it reflects best interests of shareholders, the argument for separating the roles is constantly rising. Another argument is that combining†¦show more content†¦However, before splitting these roles up, each company has to decide which is best for them. Many companies consider if one person is skilled enough, can objectively run the company and represent shareholders interests, be responsible for company’s performance, and decide which is better for the long-term interest. In some companies it has been a routine meeting or even debate of keeping two different people in this position, mostly driven by shareholder activists. It was absolutely obvious to the board that one person can fulfill both roles and act quickly enough in taking corporate initiatives. On the other hand, issue with conflicts of interests, decision-making, and possible corruption has risen many times. Also, it makes more difficult to the board objectively evaluate the CEO/Chairman if one person hold the spot. By holding the roles in hands of tow different people, the two executives can focus better on the company rather than on its own benefits (compensation package or else), the CEO can better focus on daily operations while the chairman will be focusing in overseeing the regulations, board members, and, most importantly, strategic and succession planning. The trend of keeping rising on keeping these roles separate, the board can prioritize its independence from the CEO. More than 40% of the companies have followed the trend, however, the

The velocity of sound by means of resonance Free Essays

University of Salahaddin – Hawler Education College Physics Dept. Shaqlawa Name of experiment The velocity of sound by means of resonance tube closed at one end. No. We will write a custom essay sample on The velocity of sound by means of resonance or any similar topic only for you Order Now experiment: 5 Name: Goran Kamaran A. razaq Stage: 1st Class Group: C Date: 12/12/2013 Apparatuses:- This lab utilizes the following materials: Resonance tube Pail of water Tuning forks Rubber mallet Measuring tape Thermometer Thorey:- Fill the tube with water to about 10cm to the open end of the tube. To adjust the level of the water in the tube. move the side bucket up and down in the vertical irection. Use five different tuning forks and the appropriate head of the mallet. Strike the tuning fork with the appropriate mallet above the open end of the tube and slowly start lowering the side bucket so the water level goes down until you hear an Increase In sound which Is called resonance. Record the location where the resonance occurred and record the height. After you get the first resonance, repeat by lowering the water further down the tube until you get a total of two resonance recordings. Repeat the experiment with a different tuning fork and record the ppropriate data. Each fork was struck above the water level and the water level was slowly moved down until a resonance was heard. The distance where the resonance occurs were recorded and the speed of the waves were determined. The experimental speed of sound was then compared to the calculated theoretical speed of sound. The results obtained were very close to the theoretical speed of sound thus proving that they were precise. Ill. The cause of errors in the process. 1- the rooms noise 2- Before now, we will not work in scientific laboratories. Mistake ratio OR Error ratio: Error† = I . 05 How to cite The velocity of sound by means of resonance, Papers

Science Fair Essay Example For Students

Science Fair Essay Science Fair Project 3/21/00Science 21Background InformationI tried to figure out how does the Wellesley tap water compare to the water of the surrounding towns. Before I started my test’s I guessed which town would have the best quality water without any initial data. I thought that Wellesley tap water would be the cleanest water in the area because Wellesley has the resources and the money to keep its water at a high quality. The objective of this project is to determine water content in various drinking water supplies and then rate then from most favorable to least favorable. For this, I needed a way to test the water quality. I eventually came upon a pet store called Pet World had a fresh water testing kit. This kit called the Deluxe Fresh Lab test for several aspects of water quality such as pH, Ammonia, Nitrite, Hardness, iron, carbon dioxide, and chlorine. In my tests I did not use all the test that new kit was equipped with, I only choose the aspects that I felt were harmful to humans and aspects that I felt relevant to the initial water quality. The towns I selected from around the Wellesley area were Natick, Weston, Needam, a nd Newton. I originally tested for pH, Ammonia, water hardness, nitrite, iron, water hardness, and chlorine. However, during my discussions with my mentor’s and when testing I found that testing for Ammonia, iron, and chlorine was not relevant to help me find my result. My tests involve the use of a color chart, which would, give a value to the amount of variable present in the water sample. I used distilled water as a control because the testing of the distilled water should always show the same result. These are the different components I tested, and why they were important to the water quality. Only I have explained how on the color chart the component is measured. pHpH, term indicating the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, a measure of the solutions acidity. The pH helps determines how corrosiveness the water is. A water source with a high pH is less likely to corrode the pipes in your home and in any other pipes which supplies water. An area with a lower pH level is more corrosive to your pipes. The composition of pH in tap water varies enormously from location to location depending on the source of the water and water treatment process. My freshwater test kit uses Zero as most acidic and 14 as most Basic in accordance with the color chart. Hardness (GH-KH)Water hardness is measured by the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in water. This natural property of water is demonstrated by the fact that soft tap water foams much easier when soap is added when magnesium and salts are not presented, then in salt water or water that is hard. Calcium and magnesium salts of sulfate, nitrates and chloride are very soluble and are therefore a relatively stable component of water hardness. The amounts in which these salts are presented are called the permanent hardness, which is part of the general hardness. The parts that consist of salts that have a low solubility and are therefore an unstable component of the GH. This unstable part is called the carbonate hardness or KH, Since the salts involved are carbonates of magnesium and calcium The test kit that is used uses a system of drops in coordination with a color chart. You are to count the number of drops put into the 8 cm of water until the water turns into the color on the char t. Then you are to compare the number of drops added to another chart that shows how hard the water is. NitritesAmmonia in water naturally occurs as the result of waist from fish. When dissolved in water it can turn the water toxic. Like ammonia, Nitrites can deem water undrinkable. Nitrites are chemicals that can be dumped or seep into the water. Nitrites are found in things like fertilizers and is a chemical used to package meat. It is important to monitor Nitrites because it has shown in tests that it can cause cancer. The Nitrites on my on the color chart measured from 0 to 1 p.p.m (parts per million). .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .postImageUrl , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:hover , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:visited , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:active { border:0!important; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:active , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Camus the outsider vs. bolts a EssayAmmoniaI originally did check for ammonia levels because ammonia is toxic to people in high levels. Ammonia is the result of the decomposition of waist products such as animals. When testing I found that the levels for the ammonia were so low that I could not tell if the test was working or not because I saw not visual results. IronIron is a mineral that is found in water all around the world. This iron could be present from mineral run off or from pollution. I deemed this not important because this did not turn out to be a prime factor in the research of water quality. What this fact means is that a lot of iron or a low level of iron do es not effect water quality in quality standards. Some people prefer that there is a lot of iron and some like low levels and to some it does not matter. Procedure: First, choose random tests sites in each of the cities selected (Wellesley, Natick, Weston, and Needam) to obtain water samples. Make sure that you mark the area that you selected because you will continue to go to these sites for the remainder of the project. These will be your test sites for every town. Second, make sure before the collection of the water that you let the water run in the sink for at least 1 minute on cold. This prevents the collection of anything that has been sitting in the pipes of the building and that might contaminate your samples. The collection of two cups should be a sufficient to apply each test twice with enough water left over to run the tests a third time. After the water has collected the water from each test site, run the pH, water harnesses, nitrite, .Before you run the tests read the i nstructions that have come with the Fresh water test kit. Make sure that the appropriate amount of water and chemical are mixed together. If too much or not enough chemical and or water are used then the results will not come out correctly. Run each test twice to make sure your results were clear and there were no mistakes when testing the water. If each test comes out differently, then test a third time and whichever test comes out most like the third test should be the result you record. Remember not to wait more than a day after you collect the water because pH levels tend to change when they stay settled for awhile. With this project, distilled water is used as the control. You are able to buy distilled water at any grocery store. After I obtained a clear result with the test, make a test chart to record your results. Third, you will be conducting the tests every two weeks so that you can see if the test variable of the water fluctuate during the three month testing period. Last, you will rate each towns water quality using the test results for each town. Judging water is all in perspective. What I mean by this are that different people like types of water. Some like there water soft and some hard, some want things as fluoride and iron in the water and some do not. What you will do to determine the best water quality is that, you will compare your results from each town to the distilled water. The closer the sample is to the quality of the distilled water the higher marking it will get on the chart. The town that has the highest in quality should be the town that’s samples that are closest to the distilled water samples. Science Essays

Contemporary Perspectives of Learning and Development - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Perspectives of Learning and Development of Early Childhood. Answer: Image of Orphaned Children in Dickens Novels A Child as innocent. Children found in the Victorian areas as depicted by Dickens show an excellent example of theinnocent construct. He views them as helpless, vulnerable and in need of an adult protector. In Victoria, children suffer great tribulations such as child labour and death (Dutta, 2014). Childhood should be a time where children are allowed to play and enjoy their freedom while it lasts. Time and location influence the occurrence of these constructs. These children were born in a time where adults viewed them as a source of cheap labour. The leaders in the community believed that children had no right to an opinion making them defenseless to anything done to them. Image of Children as Damaged Child as evil. Children in this construct get influenced by their demonic desires rather than the appropriatebehaviours. In the Lord of Flies novel, children carry out activities that are beasty in a way in the eyes of the adults. Adults in this construct appear as responsible and morally upright individuals that have a responsibility to shape the childrens behaviours (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Loss of values in a society is a contextual factor that may play a significant part in producing evil children. Image of Spoilt Children Snowballing child. In this construct, children are seen to possess more authority than the adults. This authority enables them to get whatever they may need or carry out any activities they may want (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Adultappears as irresponsible and neglecting. In the ecological theory by Bronfenbrenner, the mesosystem contextual factor such as tightworking schedules may be the reason why adults lack time to focus on their children. Due to this impact, these children gain control of their parents. Image of Dictatorial Children Out of control child. This construct displays a child that has gained total control of their parents making adults in this construct appear powerless. They use these power in a negative way such as faking harm by their parents as a way of eliminating their influence (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Such behaviours may be as a result of social impact by other people either in the family or school. The Image of Children as Cute Children as commodities. In this construct, they appear as objects of endearment to both men and women. Adults display a sense of ownership, care, and love. They believe that a child does not have any power to deny the affection from the caregivers. They refer to the children as cute because of different attributes such as innocence, self-independence, and determination (Holt, 2012). However, the adults blinded thought of love makes them not to realize their attraction to the children is away of helping them mask their desperation and fear as they observe these babies. The belief that children are cute due to their innocence and behaviours has remained unchanged over the years. Every new generation adopts this culture of viewing children as objects from the previous beliefs. Introduction Childhood is the most crucial stage of a person as it determines the virtues that the child will develop in future hence, making it a necessity to study the social constructs. Similarities between the different constructs One fundamental similarity to note is thatlocation influences the occurrence of innocence and evil constructs mentioned above. For instance, in the innocence construct, Dickens says that during his childhood, London was under enormous problems such as slavery and poverty (Dutta, 2014). For this reason, children in Victoria worked to provide cheap labour. From the above illustration, it is clear that the location of Dickens at that time was the main reason that he had to experience those tough times. Children that lived in a different country during the same time did not experience such tribulations ((Dutta, 2014). Similarly, originality of a child may influence their behavioursregarding the evil construct. Some societies are very strict regardingsuitableclothing that they reprimand children who wear inappropriately. Their reason for scolding them is because the children display an evil attribute in them. However, in some areas, such rules may not strictly apply. For example, there ar e places where a boy child is not allowed to keep long hairs because he displays an immoral character. In other areas, parents may be accepting of suchbehaviour since they view it differently. Out of control and snowballing childhood constructs have a similarity in that they are both influenced by ecological context. The latter has various systems namely microsystem, macrosystem, mesosystem and time (Krishnan, 2010). First, microsystem affects the childrens mentality which reveals its impact on them to an adult. For example, snowballing children may be as a result of aweak relationship in the family. The unavailability of a parent in a home may cause a child to gain more control over the absent parent. This control occurs when a parent tries to compensate for the time lost in the family through gifts and freedom to the child (Sorin Galloway, 2006). When the child realizes that the parent is putting a lot of pressure on compensation, they may decide to use this opportunity for their gains. They may make continuously demand different items from their parent which progressively reduces the power of a parent. Similarly, children may experience tough moments in their homes such as family conflicts. If a child happens to observe such disputes occurring, they may grow an attitude of hate towards one of their parents. They may then use it as a weapon against the parent by threatening to take various actions. If such a family settled problems in the absence of the child, the number of out of control children would have reduced. Similarity also occurs among cute, innocence, and spoiled childhood constructs since they are all affected by time. The first construct is that of innocence. During the era of Dickens, child labour was prominent in the region of Victoria as compared to the current day. It is evident that time change has helped reduce the chances of child involvement in work through ashift in perspective (Montgomery, 2008). Therefore, a construct may prove useful at one time and less efficient at the other. In addition, time also affects how an adult views children regarding age. During the young years, parents see them as cute vulnerable and innocent (DistinctiveVoicesBC, 2011). Therefore, they may become too much lenient to a point where they end up spoiling the child. For instance, due to their image of a child as a source of love, they can provide them with items every time the child demands something, which may end up creating a spoilt child in the end. More importantly, time is a critical factor because it dictates when to hold the child with leniency and when to scold them (Montgomery, 2008). It is clear that time dramatically influences the mentioned constructs and also helps bring them together. Both innocence and evil constructs depend on the culture of a particular society. In some countries, the useof achildforlabourpurposes does not fit into the category of child abuse. These parents assume that it is the role of each member of the society to take part in helping their home. Thus they dismiss some aspects of innocence context. However, other countries will view this act as child labour and may request the action of the government to protect the children (Rogoff, 2003). Therefore, culture appears to influence the take on theinnocence of children differently (James James, 2008). Similarly, theevil construct is also affected by culture. Some communities view some dressing codes such as short skirts very inappropriate whereas other people may not have the same opinion (Brooker Woodhead, 2010). Thus, the view of anevil child does not fit in all societies. Any person that is interested in scolding a child because of a particular issue should first take into consideration the cultural origin of the child. Comparison and Contrast of Impacts Due to Different Constructs Some constructs bring about strengthening of bonds between parents and children while others weaken it. Similar impacts may occurbetween parents and children in some constructs. For instance, innocence and cute constructs display an image of pity, vulnerability, and needfulness. These traits may influence their parents to be more protective, caring and tolerant of their children, which may create a warm relationship between the two parties (Robinson Jones, 2005). If a parent realizes that their children are suffering from a particular ailment, they tend to increase their concern for the child as a way of strengthening the bond during those challenging time. Some people also view children as commodities of love who require all the affection they can get. Therefore, they may end up showing traits such as love towards the children.However, not all impacts improve the bond between the parents and the children. When parents realize that their children are getting spoilt in their presence , they may regulate their affection and leniency towards them. This reduction in attention may negatively affect children since they end up losing their regular items (Sorin, R. 2005). In addition, if the parent decides to punish a child because of their wrongdoings, they may end up hating their parent instead. This scenario applies to both evil and out of control constructs because they both fail to observe the required behaviour measures. Contrast among the Different Constructs There also exists some contrast between the five different constructs. One of the first difference observable between the groups is the manner in which an adult views the children in the various contexts. For example, in the context of innocence, the adults see the children as vulnerable, incompetent and helpless hence, requiring their attention. On the other hand, cute construct displays children as objects requiring love. They find them adorable, determined but dependent (Bowes, Grace Hodge, 2012). The childrens determination reminded the adults of their younger years when they faced similar challenges. Those memories are the reason why they strive to protect the children. For the case of out of control children, adults regard them negatively as violent, mischievous, and danger to their future. They see spoilt children as overly controlling and demanding causing them to decrease the bonding. Finally, for evil children, adults perceive them as threats to themselves and the society (Bowes, Grace Hodge, 2012). At times, cases occur such as when one child beats the other during an argument. Such children will face severe action from both the school and the parent. The overall impact will be reducing love and care while replacing it with regular punishment to rectify the behaviour. Lastly, the contrast in the future effect of different constructs should be studied. In most cases, the nature and behaviours of an adult are usually dependent on the childhood experiences. First, consider the scenario of an innocent child that undergoes torture during child labour in the hands of authorities at the time. When such a child grows up, they will have anegative opinion towards any person in an official post (James, A James, 2008). Such people are likely to cause harm to innocent federal agents. In addition, when spoilt children fail to rectify their behaviours, they may end up destroying their lives in future due to too much freedom. When they were children, they depended on their parents to satisfy their needs. However, in their adult age, they have no one to depend causing desperation and increased chances of suicide. On the other hand, some of theuncontrollable and evil children may end up getting violent in the future. These behaviours are usually present because th e thought of doing evil and getting away with it has stuck in their minds. Some of them engage in these activities just to satisfy their need to harm others (James James, 2008). It is crucial to note that these adverse impacts only happen if an individual fails to change during their childhood ages. A child that heeds the advice of their adult parent will have a low chance of adapting the negative traits. Conclusion To sum up, learning of these constructs, their similarities, contrast, and impacts will enable parents tofocus more on the needs of children and the appropriate ways to handle them. References Bowes, J., Grace, R., Hodge, K. (2012). Children, families and communities: Contexts and consequences. Brooker, L., Woodhead, M. (2010). Culture and learning. DistinctiveVoicesBC. (2011, December 22nd). How does childhood differ between Traditional Societies and Modern Societies? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvqOaWwLtjo Dutta, A. (2014). Children in Dickens novels.International Journal of Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL),2(2), 1-4. Holt, John. (2012).The Cuteness Syndrome. Holt, John, (1stEds), Escape From Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children. James, A., James, A. (2008). Key concepts in childhood studies. UK: Sage. 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