What Is Drama free essay sample

The word drama is derived from the ancient Greek word meaning action. If something is full of action it’s exciting, emotional, it’s unpredictable; it’s dramatic. Drama is a way of expressing or showing a story. Drama can make us feel happy, sad, afraid, superior, and inferior and so on. Drama is the essence of human existence; it’s what makes life worth living for. In modern times we have used the word drama to generally to mean acting and theatre. We have also come to known drama a to over re-act or to be a drama queen. * Forms of Drama Drama is everywhere and in everything we do. The simplest form of drama is life itself. Even though drama covers a large range of categories such as narratives, poems, myths and much more here are the different forms of the drama in a theatrical sense. The most common form of theatrical drama is acting. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Drama? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Acting is using both voice and movement to assume a character in order to present a story line. Other form of drama is song which includes Opera, another form of drama is dance, pantomime (acting without using your voice and only using facial expressions, gestures and movement) and a less known form of drama called tableau which uses no movement or voice at all (this is used as a reflective time). Though behind all these forms of drama there is one standard factor and that is emotion. Behind every drama there is either a comedy of a tragedy. Drama is either a comic, humorous, light hearted affair or an intense, action packed story of deep emotion. Comedy and Tragedy are the basis of drama and that’s why they are the symbols of it (happy and frowny face) Opera Opera Comedy and Tragedy Comedy and Tragedy History of Theatrical Drama * Origins of Theatrical Drama Exactly when theatrical drama began is a mystery. Prehistoric hunters have been depicted acting out stories of their hunting trips. Ancient Egyptians performed sacred songs and dances and re-enacted mythological stories about their gods in religious ceremonies, but the idea of theatre as dramatic entertainment didn’t arise until later. Drama Performance in Ancient Egypt Drama Performance in Ancient Egypt Hunting story Hunting story * Ancient Theatre The first recorded form of theatre started in Ancient Greece around 600 B. C. Plays were performed at religious festivals honouring the god Dionysus the Greek god of wine and festivities. The first plays were the idea of the Greek poet Thespis. Thespis was the father of tragic drama and both wrote and performed in plays about the heroic adventures of demigods (half mortal, half god) such as Hercules and his 12 labours. Greek plays were performed in an amphitheatre. When the Romans took over they greatly embraced the Greek culture using many Greek plays but translated into Latin. Comedy plays were more popular with crude humour. Actors performed in masks with greatly emphasised expressions. Masks Used in Ancient Roman Theatre Masks Used in Ancient Roman Theatre Ancient Greek Amphitheatre Ancient Greek Amphitheatre * Medieval Theatre In Medieval times theatre buildings and performances as such weren’t permitted but traveling shows called minstrels were all the rage. Minstrel performances included acrobats, puppeteers, jugglers and story tellers. Christians at the time started their own type of theatre where priests would act out the miracles of Christ and the performance of the Stations of the Cross on Good Friday. * Renaissance Theatre La Commedia DellArte La Commedia DellArte William Shakespeare William Shakespeare During the 14th to 17th centuries Europe started to embrace the arts again. We now call this era the Renaissance. Along with the arts drama came with it and the theatre once more was strong. In Italy a major influence of theatre was the ‘La Commedia Dell’Arte’ or in English ‘Professional Comedy’. This was a travelling road show which used no improvised script and masked characters created a comical story line just thinking it up on the spot. Queen Elizabeth I strongly believed in the theatre. During Elizabethan times the most famous playwright started his career. Born in 1564, William Shakespeare was an actor and poet who wrote many famous plays such as ‘Romeo and Juliet’, ‘Hamlet’ and ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’; these plays are still studied and performed all over the world today. * Kabuki Theatre Kabuki Theatre Performance Kabuki Theatre Performance Originating in Japan in the 1600’s Kabuki theatre is a form of Japanese theatre which is still performed today. The plays are based on Japanese legends and what is significant about it is that the show opens and closes with the sound of wood clapping together, the constant playing of the starmisen (the Japanese three stringed guitar) and how throughout the performance the actors freeze in their position after every scene in order to create reflection. The actors in a Kabuki performance wear colourful Actor wearing kimono and white makeup Actor wearing kimono and white makeup Japanese clothing (kimonos etc. ) and heavy makeup. Modern Theatre * Basis of Modern Drama Modern Theatrical Drama is such a large spectrum of entertainment. In today’s society drama is split into two forms, realism and modernism. Realism is drama which expresses real life situations and beliefs and represents problems and issues in current society. Modernism is drama based on culture which is stories and fantasy with issues and scenes not common in the real world. Modern day drama is a very vast spectrum covering the circus to street mimes, from YouTube videos to cartoons but the two most popular forms of modern drama are drama through live musical theatre and drama through pre-staged T. V and movies. * Drama through Live Musical Theatre Musical Drama is the theatre performance of telling a story with the aids of music, song and dance as well as the much needed acting. Musical theatre has always been around but it really blossomed in the 1930’s. At this time the great depression was a foot and people needed some cheering up so many went to see musicals such as ‘Paint My Wagon’ and ‘West Side Story’. Through the 1900’s many memorable plays were staged such as Oklahoma! , My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Fiddler on the Roof, Guys and Dolls and many more. Musical theatre in the 21st century is a respected art with theatre across the globe with New York known as the capitol of musical theatre on Broadway. Musical s today include Wicked, Mary Poppins, Jersey Boys and Hairspray. OKLAHOMA! The Musical OKLAHOMA! The Musical Jersey Boys the Musical Jersey Boys the Musical * Drama through T. V and Movies As television took over the world and became the primary source of entertainment drama obliged creating new forms of drama using the T. V. Genre related dramas are on T. V which are dramas with a story line specifying to certain type of audience who like a certain genre are everywhere, some include medical dramas such as Grey’s Anatomy and the more recent type of genre related dramas called Vampire dramas e. g. The Vampire Diaries. Another form of T. V drama are Soap Operas which are long running T. V sagas centred around a family or town which tells the dramatic, unsuspecting, never ending series of events. Examples include The Days of Our Lives (45 years), the Bold and the Beautiful (25 years) and the Young and the Restless (40 years). Another form of Drama is Reality Drama. Reality T. V is a show where ordinary people go on with no rehearsed script and usually have to perform a task. This is considered the most popular form of T. V Drama today examples include Master chef, The Biggest Loser, Survivor, the Amazing Race etc. Movies are also a form of Drama believe it or not; from ‘Finding Nemo’ to ‘The Notebook’ all movies are a form of drama. The Biggest Loser: T. V Weight Loss Reality Drama The Biggest Loser: T. V Weight Loss Reality Drama Like Sand through the Hour-Glass So Are the Days of Our Lives Like Sand through the Hour-Glass So Are the Days of Our Lives The Elements of Drama The Character: A Character is simply a person who appears in the play to tell the story. Most plays contain major characters and minor characters. The development of major characters is essential to the play; the play revolves around the story of the major character. In a play a character is either a protagonist or an antagonist, so basically good guys and bad guys. The protagonist goes through with the plot and the antagonist try’s to stop him or vice versa. The Character: A Character is simply a person who appears in the play to tell the story. Most plays contain major characters and minor characters. The development of major characters is essential to the play; the play revolves around the story of the major character. In a play a character is either a protagonist or an antagonist, so basically good guys and bad guys. The protagonist goes through with the plot and the antagonist try’s to stop him or vice versa. The Plot and Scene: The Plot is the events that makes up the story told in the play. The plot is the story centred on the main character. The plot has an Orientation (the beginning introductory to describe the scene and setting), a Complication (a problem that arises), Sequence of Events (a series of events which lead up to), a Climax (the height of the story, the most exciting and suspenseful bit, usually the confrontation between hero and villain) a Resolution (the answer to the problem) and a Coda (a moral or lesson taught by the story). The Scene is basically the setting or the ‘geography’ in which the play is set so for example in the play ‘The Sound of Music’ it is set in Austria so the scene is the hilly meadows and mountains of Austria and the von Trapp House. The Plot and Scene: The Plot is the events that makes up the story told in the play. The plot is the story centred on the main character. The plot has an Orientation (the beginning introductory to describe the scene and setting), a Complication (a problem that arises), Sequence of Events (a series of events which lead up to), a Climax (the height of the story, the most exciting and suspenseful bit, usually the confrontation between hero and villain) a Resolution (the answer to the problem) and a Coda (a moral or lesson taught by the story). The Scene is basically the setting or the ‘geography’ in which the play is set so for example in the play ‘The Sound of Music’ it is set in Austria so the scene is the hilly meadows and mountains of Austria and the von Trapp House. Theme and Genre: The plot has been called the body of a play and the theme has been called its soul. Most plays have a conflict of some kind between individuals, between man and society, man and some superior force or man and himself. The theme in a play is the issues and matters raised through the story. A general theme in a love story might be love conquers all and that is what a theme is; the basic underline of what the play is about. A Genre is the style or type of interest the play is written around. Every form of drama has a genre whether it is comedy, romance, mystery, horror or anything else; people go to see things they are interested in. If you’re favourite genre is fantasy you’ll go see a theatre performance which contains magic and dragons, if you prefer crime genre you’ll watch a movie about and murder mystery and forensic scientists. Theme and Genre: The plot has been called the body of a play and the theme has been called its soul. Most plays have a conflict of some kind between individuals, between man and society, man and some superior force or man and himself. The theme in a play is the issues and matters raised through the story. A general theme in a love story might be love conquers all and that is what a theme is; the basic underline of what the play is about. A Genre is the style or type of interest the play is written around. Every form of drama has a genre whether it is comedy, romance, mystery, horror or anything else; people go to see things they are interested in. If you’re favourite genre is fantasy you’ll go see a theatre performance which contains magic and dragons, if you prefer crime genre you’ll watch a movie about and murder mystery and forensic scientists. Dialogue: A Dialogue a conversation between characters in a play or in any literary work. Dialogue brings characters to life by revealing their personalities and by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters. Within dialogue there are different types of speech given different names. One type of speech used in dialogue is a soliloquy. A soliloquy is a long speech delivered by a character that is alone onstage. A soliloquy typically reveals the private thoughts and emotions of the character. Another form of speech is an aside. An aside is a comment made by a character, but is not heard by the other characters onstage. Dialogue: A Dialogue a conversation between characters in a play or in any literary work. Dialogue brings characters to life by revealing their personalities and by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters. Within dialogue there are different types of speech given different names. One type of speech used in dialogue is a soliloquy. A soliloquy is a long speech delivered by a character that is alone onstage. A soliloquy typically reveals the private thoughts and emotions of the character. Another form of speech is an aside. An aside is a comment made by a character, but is not heard by the other characters onstage. Convention: A dramatic convention is a set of rules, which both the audience and actors are familiar with and which act as a useful way of quickly signifying the nature of the action or of a character. All forms of theatre have dramatic conventions, some of which may be unique to that particular form, such as the poses used by actors in Japanese kabuki theatre to establish a character or the moustache twirling villain in early cinema serials. A convention is known by the audience, it is a significant movement, sound or gesture which displays the characters intentions or who they are. Convention: A dramatic convention is a set of rules, which both the audience and actors are familiar with and which act as a useful way of quickly signifying the nature of the action or of a character. All forms of theatre have dramatic conventions, some of which may be unique to that particular form, such as the poses used by actors in Japanese kabuki theatre to establish a character or the moustache twirling villain in early cinema serials. A convention is known by the audience, it is a significant movement, sound or gesture which displays the characters intentions or who they are. Audience: Theatre requires an audience. For all of the arts public is essential. The physical presence of an audience can change a performance, inspire actors, and create expectations. Theatre is a living breathing art form. The presence of live actors on the stage in front of live audiences sets it apart from modern day films and television. Audience: Theatre requires an audience. For all of the arts public is essential. The physical presence of an audience can change a performance, inspire actors, and create expectations. Theatre is a living breathing art form. The presence of live actors on the stage in front of live audiences sets it apart from modern day films and television. Stage Craft (Visual Elements): The Stage craft also known as the visual elements deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the stage craft forms an essential component of drama. Stage Craft (Visual Elements): The Stage craft also known as the visual elements deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the stage craft forms an essential component of drama. SO AFTER ALL THAT WHAT IS DRAMA USED FOR? Drama is used as an expression of human emotion; it is the life and soul of life and without drama life wouldn’t be worth living for. In a theatrical sense drama is used as way to entertain any audience with any type of favourite drama. In theatre drama is a living and breathing force which feeds on the expression and the emotions given by the audience after the dramatic performance has been displayed. Drama is used as a general living tool and great form of both comic and tragic entertainment. By Anthony Pagano. Top 10 Dramas in the Past 100 Years Cats: Cats is a musical directed by the famous Andrew Lloyd Webber. Cats is about the life of cats and the politics of cats. It is the second longest running musical in History. Cats: Cats is a musical directed by the famous Andrew Lloyd Webber. Cats is about the life of cats and the politics of cats. It is the second longest running musical in History. Oliver! : The Musical adaptation of the book Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens is about an orphan who runs away from an orphanage and hooks up with a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Oliver! : The Musical adaptation of the book Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens is about an orphan who runs away from an orphanage and hooks up with a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. The Wizard Of Oz: The timeless classic about a girl named Dorothy Gale who is swept away to a magical land named Oz in a tornado and embarks on a quest to see the Wizard who can help her return home. On her way she meets the brainless scarecrow, the heartless tin-man and the cowardly lion. The Wizard Of Oz: The timeless classic about a girl named Dorothy Gale who is swept away to a magical land named Oz in a tornado and embarks on a quest to see the Wizard who can help her return home. On her way she meets the brainless scarecrow, the heartless tin-man and the cowardly lion. The Phantom of the Opera: The Phantom of the Opera is another musical/opera directed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and is about a woman who falls in love with a phantom. The Phantom of the Opera: The Phantom of the Opera is another musical/opera directed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and is about a woman who falls in love with a phantom. Please Sir, May I Have Some More Please Sir, May I Have Some More My Fair Lady: The story of a snobbish linguistics professor who agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society. My Fair Lady: The story of a snobbish linguistics professor who agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society. Romeo amp; Juliet: The timeless love story written by William Shakespeare about the forbidden love of Romeo and Juliet whose love is torn apart due to their feuding families and the sad but memorable ending. Romeo amp; Juliet: The timeless love story written by William Shakespeare about the forbidden love of Romeo and Juliet whose love is torn apart due to their feuding families and the sad but memorable ending. The Rocky Horror Show: The comedy/horror musical about a newly engaged couple who stumble into a house where an evil scientist reveals his creation of life through a muscle man named Rocky Horror. After staying the night the couple discovers that the evil scientist and all the people in the house are really transsexual aliens whose main purpose is to mate with all humans on earth both male and female. Yuck! The Rocky Horror Show: The comedy/horror musical about a newly engaged couple who stumble into a house where an evil scientist reveals his creation of life through a muscle man named Rocky Horror. After staying the night the couple discovers that the evil scientist and all the people in the house are really transsexual aliens whose main purpose is to mate with all humans on earth both male and female. Yuck! West Side Story: Set in New York City in the mid-1950s, the musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks from Puerto Rico are taunted by the Jets, a white working-class group. Forbidden love occurs when Tony, one of the Jets, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks. West Side Story: Set in New York City in the mid-1950s, the musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks from Puerto Rico are taunted by the Jets, a white working-class group. Forbidden love occurs when Tony, one of the Jets, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks. Grease: This musical, directed by Jim Jacobs, was set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School; it follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of love, cars, and drive-ins. This musical was later turned into a hit film starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton John. Grease: This musical, directed by Jim Jacobs, was set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School; it follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of love, cars, and drive-ins. This musical was later turned into a hit film starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton John. The Sound of Music: The Sound Music is a Musical and film based on the memoirs of Maria von Trapp. The story is set around WWII in Austria it is about a nun in training named Maria who is sent to the von Trapp family to be the governess for Mr. von Trapp’s seven children. The Sound of Music: The Sound Music is a Musical and film based on the memoirs of Maria von Trapp. The story is set around WWII in Austria it is about a nun in training named Maria who is sent to the von Trapp family to be the governess for Mr. von Trapp’s seven children.

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership Introduction Critical Management Studies (CMS) form a substitute to a number of conservative administration presumptions and approaches. The key reason behind the development of CMS was to provide a transformative approach to traditional management. CMS is a sceptical look at the management and organisational structures that are currently in use.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These structures are evaluated and criticised based on their demonstrated social and ecological sustainability (Adler 2007). Contrary to the popular belief, CMS is not rooted on the focus on individual organisations and their managers’ poor management practices (Adler 2007). This belief, which is propagated by the outsiders of CMS, is largely untrue. CMS stands for the critical assessment of the wider organisational and management structures. Adler state s that CMS focuses on ordinary elements such as ecological pessimism, public discrimination, and pitiable management that are displayed in the wider social and economic structures whose traditions have been simulated by long-established administrators and the evolving conformist organisations. The current framework of CMS entails the critical assessment of issues in management such as marketing, organisational strategies, information systems, accounting, organisational relations, and international networks (Clegg, Dany, Grey 2011). CMS focuses on fundamental matters such as the use of uncertainty and analysis of the ubiquitous organisational administration speculations, the prevailing organisational configurations and traditions in the effort to propose changes. The use of criticism and critique in CMS is also aimed at illustrating how the contemporary organisational patterns and structures are disruptive and conflict ridden, with this situation being propagated and nourished by ou t-dated beliefs and practices in management (Sim Van Loon, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CMS does not only offer critique to the management issues, but also goes a step further to offer solutions and alternatives. The aim is also to prove that the practices and beliefs are essentially changeable, with the change being dependent on the attitudes, thoughts, and knowledge of the management (Sim Van Loon, 2005). CMS has developed from the works of a number of theorists and scholars who have contributed in the development of theories and structures that are essential to the recommended management changes. Some of the people who contributed significantly in the creation of CMS include Foucault, Weber, and Hegel, with the theorists and scholars contributing to, ‘contemporary developments that stretch beyond the realm of academic theory and philosophical or social thought’ (Adler, 2007, p.1316). The modern-day business enterprise serves different functions in the modern society and a critical assessment of these functions is necessary, with different social avenues of critique developing. Some of the contemporary issues in the global economy that have influenced the modern business environment include the introduction of the European Union and its market, the rise of China and India as global economic and social forces. These developments have provided a basis of comparison to the largely traditional and dominant Anglo-American organisational values and models. CMS is very broad, with the major concepts, theories, and thoughts being significantly many. This report applies the CMS theories to assess a case study on call-centre labour in a global economy by Premilla D’Cruz and Ernesto Noronha (2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Set Up Bullying at the workplace has been a topic of concern for a long time for managers and human resource departments in organisations. This account, which is based in Indian, looks at the use of CMS in the analysis of D’Cruz and Noronha’s scenario examination on call centres. These individuals performed an investigation on the workplace occurrences of workers in some intercontinental call hubs in Mumbai and Bangalore. The two managed to assess the role of organisational sources of bullying at the workplace, thus providing some recommendations to the same (D’Cruz, Noronha 2009). Case Study Analysis Human resource management policies that are adopted in different organisations are displayed in the call centre working analysis above. There is a significant gap in HRM roles. Most organisations state that they apply soft policies, with the case study showing that hard HRM policies are actually th e ones being practiced. Most studies that have evaluated relationships between employers and their employees have concluded that although managers consider workers their most precious resources, they instead apply inflexible HRM guidelines and controls that are detrimental to their workforce. This shows that the organisation is considered more important in relation to employees. In the call centre, employees have no working union to safeguard their interests. They are however paid well with regard to the existing labour markets in the country. Another positive assessment of the HRM policies in the organisations shows that employees feel important while working there since adequate measures are in place to influence their self-interest and self-esteem. The organisations also participate in the inculcation of values to their employees to ensure that they put the organisational interests ahead of their own. Such organisations incorporate group work and collaboration at their workplaces . However, there are several negative policies in these call centres, including the hard and extended running hours. The operational circumstances are also complicated based on the many and frequently cruel customers that they encounter every day in their job.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These employees also have very high organisational targets, with the managers being harsh in the workplace. Harassment to these employees has contributed to conditioning, with D’Cruz and Noronha (2009) terming it as depersonalised bullying, which is created by the harsh policies, managers, supervisors, and a forceful working environment. HRM practitioners as displayed in the case can be described as disguising hard working conditions provided at the workplace with soft rhetoric. Critical theory is important in this expression. It states that rhetoric has dominated over reality in the current HRM mandates (Guest 1990). According to Guest (1990), HRM roles act as a smokescreen where the management teams can evade union formation and function in organisations, thus turning employees into working slaves, where they can work against their own will in the belief that the organisations are benevolent. Another researcher who is opposed to the displayed organisational rhetoric is Tada jewski (2011) who states that this rhetoric introduces HRM tasks that consider organisational benefit before employee welfare. Gane and Kalberg (2013, p. 26) also observe, ‘organisations use rhetoric to communicate an inherently attractive image of people who trust each other, share risks, and rewards and are united by common feelings of identity while providing little indication of the remote economic rationalism that distinguishes management in the real world’. Other researchers and analysts have also claimed that the softness displayed by the management is a way of ensuring that employees are subjective to the interests of the organisation. Managers also use the softness to wade off discontent from the displayed organisational control. The Indian Call Centre analysis provides results that reinforce critical perspectives. The analysis of the case study can also be done using the theories on transformational leadership and bureaucracy advanced by Max Weber. Bureaucracy In organisations, some officials are appointed to carry out specific duties and functions. They are awarded specific powers to carry out these functions (Budhwar, Varma, Singh Dhar 2006). Bureaucracy in the ideal form is the organisational arrangement where specific individuals are involved in the giving and receiving of commands, which are based on the existent rational system of rules, with no involvement of external influences (Morrison, 2006). The fundamental features of the bureaucracies described by Max Weber define the running of some organisations, with control vesting on specific individuals (Cox 2009; Cooper Burrell 1988). He claims that this form of bureaucracy leads to the ‘iron cage’ phenomenon in organisational management although the ideal application of bureaucracy would lead to greater organisational efficiency and effectiveness (Cox 2009). In the operations at the call centre, both the supervisors and junior employees are obedient to the existing di fficult and intolerable conditions at the workplace. The acceptance to working in these conditions demonstrates the iron cage phenomenon described by Weber (Cox 2009). These workers have been deprived of their privileges to dispute and to set right the circumstances at the administrative centres, with the reason being that they have acknowledged depersonalised maltreatment. In this case, CMS can be used to show how organisations can use bureaucracy to change the meaning and use of teamwork. In the organisation, the traditional and mainstream management perceptions practised include teamwork as a tool for mobilising employees to achieve organisational goals and improved organisational performance (Adler, Forbes, Wilmot, 2007). CMS on the other hand demonstrates that teamwork is abused in the present day organisational dispensations. Research works indicate that teamwork is effective as a management aid. However, in the recent years, the poor performance of well-staffed teams to perfo rm and deliver on the organisational goals has cast doubts on this notion. CMS, therefore, suggests that teamwork in the modern context is a tool for the exploitation of employees by organisations, with management and HRM mandates using teamwork to oppress team members in the name of improving organisational performance (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). Transformational Leadership Transformative leadership as suggested by Max Weber (Cooper Burrell 1988) and/or advanced by Bass can be considered in terms of the ‘I model’ (Bass, 1990, p. 19). This model of transformational leadership consists of four components, including intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, individualised consideration, and idealised influence (Bass 1990). The model states that leaders should act as role models in organisations. According to Bass (1990), the intellectual influence that demands leaders to act as role models causes the generation of trust and the foundation of ethics in orga nisations. Intellectual stimulation entails the incorporation of views on employees in the operation of the organisation by the transformational leaders. Individual consideration, on the other hand, ensures that transformational leaders consider the welfare of each individual in the organisation irrespective of their levels in the organisational echelon. These types of leaders give attention to workers, thus providing them with motivation and encouragement in the course of their work. Inspirational motivation entails transformational leaders motivating their employees, inspiring them, and providing them with bravery and means of countering any challenges in the organisations’ operations. In the call centres discussed in the case study, leaders have a little display of transformative leadership as evidenced by the occurrences of depersonalised bullying in their respective organisations and their inability to deal with the same. Employees display a labour force that is not moti vated, inspired, or dedicated to their work, and are not involved in the development of policies or their implementation (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). These employees demonstrate the absence of transformational leadership, with the authors stating that the organisation needs the introduction of this form of leadership (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). Recommendations It suffices to make a number of recommendations to the changes that are necessary in the organisations in terms of their management policies with regard to CMS. The organisations should embark on the introduction of a union for employees to cater for their own welfare. A union will be crucial in the development of a better working environment for these employees since it will safeguard their interests in the organisation. Another change that the management needs to adopt is teamwork that is geared towards employee motivation and empowerment. Instead of using teamwork to affect the organisational productivity, organisa tions should apply the same to motivate their employees. The call centres also need to adopt training for their leaders on the principles of transformative leadership to ensure such leadership is practiced in these organisations. The call centres need to introduce policies that are friendly to the workforce. These policies include the reduction of the working hours for employees. Since these employees work in cruel conditions, they are exposed to depersonalised harassment from all sides, including the clients. A reduction of the working hours and the introduction of shorter shifts will act as a cushion for some of these challenges. Other necessary measures include the introduction of new campaigns to enhance collaboration between employees and their supervisors and the creation of a working feedback mechanism. Employees should be allowed to express their views through participation in decision-making processes in these call centres. Conclusion In conclusion, critical management stud ies are important in the changing of the conventional organisational dispensation. CMS provides alternative management theories in the attempt to change the conventional practice in organisations. The report has focused on depersonalised harassment as witnessed in the aforementioned administrative centres in India as discussed by D’Cruzi and Noronha. Several Max Weber’s suppositions, namely civil service and transformative headship, have been used in the assessment to determine the situation at the areas of work, specifically at the said call hubs. An analysis using these theories has shown that the management structures in the contemporary organisations are different from the rhetoric discussed by researchers. The HR customs are oppressive and that workers have adapted to working in these conditions. The report suggests some major changes that should be made at these organisations based on the CMS analysis. The adoption of these recommendations is crucial to improveme nt in the HR issues observed in the call centres. Therefore, human resource managers have a lesson to learn from this report in terms of the way they handle employees who are the key pillars of any organisation. 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