Power Of Ceo / Chairman - 1005 Words

Increased power of CEO/Chairman Most of the publicly owned companies are against combining the roles; they vote for an independent chairman to help control the board and balance the power. Shareholders do have the right to have the best representation of their interests and independence. In case of combined roles, the CEO sets the agenda for the board or, basically, himself, there is a conflict of interests and supervision. The percentage of firms that do vote for splitting these roles is constantly increasing. Since the corporations are required to have board to oversee the management and ensure that it reflects best interests of shareholders, the argument for separating the roles is constantly rising. Another argument is that combining†¦show more content†¦However, before splitting these roles up, each company has to decide which is best for them. Many companies consider if one person is skilled enough, can objectively run the company and represent shareholders interests, be responsible for company’s performance, and decide which is better for the long-term interest. In some companies it has been a routine meeting or even debate of keeping two different people in this position, mostly driven by shareholder activists. It was absolutely obvious to the board that one person can fulfill both roles and act quickly enough in taking corporate initiatives. On the other hand, issue with conflicts of interests, decision-making, and possible corruption has risen many times. Also, it makes more difficult to the board objectively evaluate the CEO/Chairman if one person hold the spot. By holding the roles in hands of tow different people, the two executives can focus better on the company rather than on its own benefits (compensation package or else), the CEO can better focus on daily operations while the chairman will be focusing in overseeing the regulations, board members, and, most importantly, strategic and succession planning. The trend of keeping rising on keeping these roles separate, the board can prioritize its independence from the CEO. More than 40% of the companies have followed the trend, however, the

The velocity of sound by means of resonance Free Essays

University of Salahaddin – Hawler Education College Physics Dept. Shaqlawa Name of experiment The velocity of sound by means of resonance tube closed at one end. No. We will write a custom essay sample on The velocity of sound by means of resonance or any similar topic only for you Order Now experiment: 5 Name: Goran Kamaran A. razaq Stage: 1st Class Group: C Date: 12/12/2013 Apparatuses:- This lab utilizes the following materials: Resonance tube Pail of water Tuning forks Rubber mallet Measuring tape Thermometer Thorey:- Fill the tube with water to about 10cm to the open end of the tube. To adjust the level of the water in the tube. move the side bucket up and down in the vertical irection. Use five different tuning forks and the appropriate head of the mallet. Strike the tuning fork with the appropriate mallet above the open end of the tube and slowly start lowering the side bucket so the water level goes down until you hear an Increase In sound which Is called resonance. Record the location where the resonance occurred and record the height. After you get the first resonance, repeat by lowering the water further down the tube until you get a total of two resonance recordings. Repeat the experiment with a different tuning fork and record the ppropriate data. Each fork was struck above the water level and the water level was slowly moved down until a resonance was heard. The distance where the resonance occurs were recorded and the speed of the waves were determined. The experimental speed of sound was then compared to the calculated theoretical speed of sound. The results obtained were very close to the theoretical speed of sound thus proving that they were precise. Ill. The cause of errors in the process. 1- the rooms noise 2- Before now, we will not work in scientific laboratories. Mistake ratio OR Error ratio: Error† = I . 05 How to cite The velocity of sound by means of resonance, Papers

Science Fair Essay Example For Students

Science Fair Essay Science Fair Project 3/21/00Science 21Background InformationI tried to figure out how does the Wellesley tap water compare to the water of the surrounding towns. Before I started my test’s I guessed which town would have the best quality water without any initial data. I thought that Wellesley tap water would be the cleanest water in the area because Wellesley has the resources and the money to keep its water at a high quality. The objective of this project is to determine water content in various drinking water supplies and then rate then from most favorable to least favorable. For this, I needed a way to test the water quality. I eventually came upon a pet store called Pet World had a fresh water testing kit. This kit called the Deluxe Fresh Lab test for several aspects of water quality such as pH, Ammonia, Nitrite, Hardness, iron, carbon dioxide, and chlorine. In my tests I did not use all the test that new kit was equipped with, I only choose the aspects that I felt were harmful to humans and aspects that I felt relevant to the initial water quality. The towns I selected from around the Wellesley area were Natick, Weston, Needam, a nd Newton. I originally tested for pH, Ammonia, water hardness, nitrite, iron, water hardness, and chlorine. However, during my discussions with my mentor’s and when testing I found that testing for Ammonia, iron, and chlorine was not relevant to help me find my result. My tests involve the use of a color chart, which would, give a value to the amount of variable present in the water sample. I used distilled water as a control because the testing of the distilled water should always show the same result. These are the different components I tested, and why they were important to the water quality. Only I have explained how on the color chart the component is measured. pHpH, term indicating the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, a measure of the solutions acidity. The pH helps determines how corrosiveness the water is. A water source with a high pH is less likely to corrode the pipes in your home and in any other pipes which supplies water. An area with a lower pH level is more corrosive to your pipes. The composition of pH in tap water varies enormously from location to location depending on the source of the water and water treatment process. My freshwater test kit uses Zero as most acidic and 14 as most Basic in accordance with the color chart. Hardness (GH-KH)Water hardness is measured by the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in water. This natural property of water is demonstrated by the fact that soft tap water foams much easier when soap is added when magnesium and salts are not presented, then in salt water or water that is hard. Calcium and magnesium salts of sulfate, nitrates and chloride are very soluble and are therefore a relatively stable component of water hardness. The amounts in which these salts are presented are called the permanent hardness, which is part of the general hardness. The parts that consist of salts that have a low solubility and are therefore an unstable component of the GH. This unstable part is called the carbonate hardness or KH, Since the salts involved are carbonates of magnesium and calcium The test kit that is used uses a system of drops in coordination with a color chart. You are to count the number of drops put into the 8 cm of water until the water turns into the color on the char t. Then you are to compare the number of drops added to another chart that shows how hard the water is. NitritesAmmonia in water naturally occurs as the result of waist from fish. When dissolved in water it can turn the water toxic. Like ammonia, Nitrites can deem water undrinkable. Nitrites are chemicals that can be dumped or seep into the water. Nitrites are found in things like fertilizers and is a chemical used to package meat. It is important to monitor Nitrites because it has shown in tests that it can cause cancer. The Nitrites on my on the color chart measured from 0 to 1 p.p.m (parts per million). .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .postImageUrl , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:hover , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:visited , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:active { border:0!important; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:active , .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59 .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51afb67863b9f4637a9489ddc7509d59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Camus the outsider vs. bolts a EssayAmmoniaI originally did check for ammonia levels because ammonia is toxic to people in high levels. Ammonia is the result of the decomposition of waist products such as animals. When testing I found that the levels for the ammonia were so low that I could not tell if the test was working or not because I saw not visual results. IronIron is a mineral that is found in water all around the world. This iron could be present from mineral run off or from pollution. I deemed this not important because this did not turn out to be a prime factor in the research of water quality. What this fact means is that a lot of iron or a low level of iron do es not effect water quality in quality standards. Some people prefer that there is a lot of iron and some like low levels and to some it does not matter. Procedure: First, choose random tests sites in each of the cities selected (Wellesley, Natick, Weston, and Needam) to obtain water samples. Make sure that you mark the area that you selected because you will continue to go to these sites for the remainder of the project. These will be your test sites for every town. Second, make sure before the collection of the water that you let the water run in the sink for at least 1 minute on cold. This prevents the collection of anything that has been sitting in the pipes of the building and that might contaminate your samples. The collection of two cups should be a sufficient to apply each test twice with enough water left over to run the tests a third time. After the water has collected the water from each test site, run the pH, water harnesses, nitrite, .Before you run the tests read the i nstructions that have come with the Fresh water test kit. Make sure that the appropriate amount of water and chemical are mixed together. If too much or not enough chemical and or water are used then the results will not come out correctly. Run each test twice to make sure your results were clear and there were no mistakes when testing the water. If each test comes out differently, then test a third time and whichever test comes out most like the third test should be the result you record. Remember not to wait more than a day after you collect the water because pH levels tend to change when they stay settled for awhile. With this project, distilled water is used as the control. You are able to buy distilled water at any grocery store. After I obtained a clear result with the test, make a test chart to record your results. Third, you will be conducting the tests every two weeks so that you can see if the test variable of the water fluctuate during the three month testing period. Last, you will rate each towns water quality using the test results for each town. Judging water is all in perspective. What I mean by this are that different people like types of water. Some like there water soft and some hard, some want things as fluoride and iron in the water and some do not. What you will do to determine the best water quality is that, you will compare your results from each town to the distilled water. The closer the sample is to the quality of the distilled water the higher marking it will get on the chart. The town that has the highest in quality should be the town that’s samples that are closest to the distilled water samples. Science Essays

Contemporary Perspectives of Learning and Development - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Perspectives of Learning and Development of Early Childhood. Answer: Image of Orphaned Children in Dickens Novels A Child as innocent. Children found in the Victorian areas as depicted by Dickens show an excellent example of theinnocent construct. He views them as helpless, vulnerable and in need of an adult protector. In Victoria, children suffer great tribulations such as child labour and death (Dutta, 2014). Childhood should be a time where children are allowed to play and enjoy their freedom while it lasts. Time and location influence the occurrence of these constructs. These children were born in a time where adults viewed them as a source of cheap labour. The leaders in the community believed that children had no right to an opinion making them defenseless to anything done to them. Image of Children as Damaged Child as evil. Children in this construct get influenced by their demonic desires rather than the appropriatebehaviours. In the Lord of Flies novel, children carry out activities that are beasty in a way in the eyes of the adults. Adults in this construct appear as responsible and morally upright individuals that have a responsibility to shape the childrens behaviours (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Loss of values in a society is a contextual factor that may play a significant part in producing evil children. Image of Spoilt Children Snowballing child. In this construct, children are seen to possess more authority than the adults. This authority enables them to get whatever they may need or carry out any activities they may want (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Adultappears as irresponsible and neglecting. In the ecological theory by Bronfenbrenner, the mesosystem contextual factor such as tightworking schedules may be the reason why adults lack time to focus on their children. Due to this impact, these children gain control of their parents. Image of Dictatorial Children Out of control child. This construct displays a child that has gained total control of their parents making adults in this construct appear powerless. They use these power in a negative way such as faking harm by their parents as a way of eliminating their influence (Sorin Galloway, 2006). Such behaviours may be as a result of social impact by other people either in the family or school. The Image of Children as Cute Children as commodities. In this construct, they appear as objects of endearment to both men and women. Adults display a sense of ownership, care, and love. They believe that a child does not have any power to deny the affection from the caregivers. They refer to the children as cute because of different attributes such as innocence, self-independence, and determination (Holt, 2012). However, the adults blinded thought of love makes them not to realize their attraction to the children is away of helping them mask their desperation and fear as they observe these babies. The belief that children are cute due to their innocence and behaviours has remained unchanged over the years. Every new generation adopts this culture of viewing children as objects from the previous beliefs. Introduction Childhood is the most crucial stage of a person as it determines the virtues that the child will develop in future hence, making it a necessity to study the social constructs. Similarities between the different constructs One fundamental similarity to note is thatlocation influences the occurrence of innocence and evil constructs mentioned above. For instance, in the innocence construct, Dickens says that during his childhood, London was under enormous problems such as slavery and poverty (Dutta, 2014). For this reason, children in Victoria worked to provide cheap labour. From the above illustration, it is clear that the location of Dickens at that time was the main reason that he had to experience those tough times. Children that lived in a different country during the same time did not experience such tribulations ((Dutta, 2014). Similarly, originality of a child may influence their behavioursregarding the evil construct. Some societies are very strict regardingsuitableclothing that they reprimand children who wear inappropriately. Their reason for scolding them is because the children display an evil attribute in them. However, in some areas, such rules may not strictly apply. For example, there ar e places where a boy child is not allowed to keep long hairs because he displays an immoral character. In other areas, parents may be accepting of suchbehaviour since they view it differently. Out of control and snowballing childhood constructs have a similarity in that they are both influenced by ecological context. The latter has various systems namely microsystem, macrosystem, mesosystem and time (Krishnan, 2010). First, microsystem affects the childrens mentality which reveals its impact on them to an adult. For example, snowballing children may be as a result of aweak relationship in the family. The unavailability of a parent in a home may cause a child to gain more control over the absent parent. This control occurs when a parent tries to compensate for the time lost in the family through gifts and freedom to the child (Sorin Galloway, 2006). When the child realizes that the parent is putting a lot of pressure on compensation, they may decide to use this opportunity for their gains. They may make continuously demand different items from their parent which progressively reduces the power of a parent. Similarly, children may experience tough moments in their homes such as family conflicts. If a child happens to observe such disputes occurring, they may grow an attitude of hate towards one of their parents. They may then use it as a weapon against the parent by threatening to take various actions. If such a family settled problems in the absence of the child, the number of out of control children would have reduced. Similarity also occurs among cute, innocence, and spoiled childhood constructs since they are all affected by time. The first construct is that of innocence. During the era of Dickens, child labour was prominent in the region of Victoria as compared to the current day. It is evident that time change has helped reduce the chances of child involvement in work through ashift in perspective (Montgomery, 2008). Therefore, a construct may prove useful at one time and less efficient at the other. In addition, time also affects how an adult views children regarding age. During the young years, parents see them as cute vulnerable and innocent (DistinctiveVoicesBC, 2011). Therefore, they may become too much lenient to a point where they end up spoiling the child. For instance, due to their image of a child as a source of love, they can provide them with items every time the child demands something, which may end up creating a spoilt child in the end. More importantly, time is a critical factor because it dictates when to hold the child with leniency and when to scold them (Montgomery, 2008). It is clear that time dramatically influences the mentioned constructs and also helps bring them together. Both innocence and evil constructs depend on the culture of a particular society. In some countries, the useof achildforlabourpurposes does not fit into the category of child abuse. These parents assume that it is the role of each member of the society to take part in helping their home. Thus they dismiss some aspects of innocence context. However, other countries will view this act as child labour and may request the action of the government to protect the children (Rogoff, 2003). Therefore, culture appears to influence the take on theinnocence of children differently (James James, 2008). Similarly, theevil construct is also affected by culture. Some communities view some dressing codes such as short skirts very inappropriate whereas other people may not have the same opinion (Brooker Woodhead, 2010). Thus, the view of anevil child does not fit in all societies. Any person that is interested in scolding a child because of a particular issue should first take into consideration the cultural origin of the child. Comparison and Contrast of Impacts Due to Different Constructs Some constructs bring about strengthening of bonds between parents and children while others weaken it. Similar impacts may occurbetween parents and children in some constructs. For instance, innocence and cute constructs display an image of pity, vulnerability, and needfulness. These traits may influence their parents to be more protective, caring and tolerant of their children, which may create a warm relationship between the two parties (Robinson Jones, 2005). If a parent realizes that their children are suffering from a particular ailment, they tend to increase their concern for the child as a way of strengthening the bond during those challenging time. Some people also view children as commodities of love who require all the affection they can get. Therefore, they may end up showing traits such as love towards the children.However, not all impacts improve the bond between the parents and the children. When parents realize that their children are getting spoilt in their presence , they may regulate their affection and leniency towards them. This reduction in attention may negatively affect children since they end up losing their regular items (Sorin, R. 2005). In addition, if the parent decides to punish a child because of their wrongdoings, they may end up hating their parent instead. This scenario applies to both evil and out of control constructs because they both fail to observe the required behaviour measures. Contrast among the Different Constructs There also exists some contrast between the five different constructs. One of the first difference observable between the groups is the manner in which an adult views the children in the various contexts. For example, in the context of innocence, the adults see the children as vulnerable, incompetent and helpless hence, requiring their attention. On the other hand, cute construct displays children as objects requiring love. They find them adorable, determined but dependent (Bowes, Grace Hodge, 2012). The childrens determination reminded the adults of their younger years when they faced similar challenges. Those memories are the reason why they strive to protect the children. For the case of out of control children, adults regard them negatively as violent, mischievous, and danger to their future. They see spoilt children as overly controlling and demanding causing them to decrease the bonding. Finally, for evil children, adults perceive them as threats to themselves and the society (Bowes, Grace Hodge, 2012). At times, cases occur such as when one child beats the other during an argument. Such children will face severe action from both the school and the parent. The overall impact will be reducing love and care while replacing it with regular punishment to rectify the behaviour. Lastly, the contrast in the future effect of different constructs should be studied. In most cases, the nature and behaviours of an adult are usually dependent on the childhood experiences. First, consider the scenario of an innocent child that undergoes torture during child labour in the hands of authorities at the time. When such a child grows up, they will have anegative opinion towards any person in an official post (James, A James, 2008). Such people are likely to cause harm to innocent federal agents. In addition, when spoilt children fail to rectify their behaviours, they may end up destroying their lives in future due to too much freedom. When they were children, they depended on their parents to satisfy their needs. However, in their adult age, they have no one to depend causing desperation and increased chances of suicide. On the other hand, some of theuncontrollable and evil children may end up getting violent in the future. These behaviours are usually present because th e thought of doing evil and getting away with it has stuck in their minds. Some of them engage in these activities just to satisfy their need to harm others (James James, 2008). It is crucial to note that these adverse impacts only happen if an individual fails to change during their childhood ages. A child that heeds the advice of their adult parent will have a low chance of adapting the negative traits. Conclusion To sum up, learning of these constructs, their similarities, contrast, and impacts will enable parents tofocus more on the needs of children and the appropriate ways to handle them. References Bowes, J., Grace, R., Hodge, K. (2012). Children, families and communities: Contexts and consequences. Brooker, L., Woodhead, M. (2010). Culture and learning. DistinctiveVoicesBC. (2011, December 22nd). How does childhood differ between Traditional Societies and Modern Societies? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvqOaWwLtjo Dutta, A. (2014). Children in Dickens novels.International Journal of Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL),2(2), 1-4. Holt, John. (2012).The Cuteness Syndrome. Holt, John, (1stEds), Escape From Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children. James, A., James, A. (2008). Key concepts in childhood studies. UK: Sage. Pg. 14-16 Krishnan, V. (2010, May). Early child development: A conceptual model. InEarly Childhood Council Annual Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand. Montgomery, H. (2008).An introduction to childhood: Anthropological perspectives on children's lives. John Wiley Sons. Robinson, K., Jones Diaz, C. (2005).Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education: Issues For Theory and Practice: n/a. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Rogoff, B. (2003).The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press. Sorin, R. (2005).Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice. Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne. Sorin, R., Galloway, G. (2006). Constructs of childhood: Constructs of self.Children Australia,31(2), 12-21.

Sample Admissions Essay For Teacher Certification

Sample Admissions Essay For Teacher CertificationWriting a sample admissions essay for teacher certification can be quite a challenge. There are many different types of requirements to meet with each state so it is vital that you have an idea of what is expected and how to write in a way that will not just satisfy the needs of the state but also the needs of the applicant as well.One of the first things that you will want to do is ensure that you have a specific number of standard amount of words that you must include in your essay. The states may have a preference for a certain number of words that you must have or there may be specific guidelines. Whatever the case, there is always room for negotiation and if you are unsure of your personal requirements it is advisable to be flexible with your instructions.Another important thing to consider is the specific use of grammar and spelling. A lot of people tend to think that these issues do not affect the outcome of their essays but man y applicants have had issues in their ability to produce coherent sentences. You need to ensure that the grammar and spelling are correct and easy to read and this can be accomplished by going over your sample with a fine tooth comb. Also, ensure that the spelling of names and forms is correct.Even though a majority of these states tend to have an age requirement, the older a student is, the more they will be required to submit a sample essay. By making sure that you include a sample from your own experience, you will not only make sure that you write the best essay possible but you will also show that you are a candidate for certification.There is no question that a strict admissions requirement is one of the most difficult to meet. To avoid this situation, be sure to find out what each state requires and then tailor your essay to meet their needs.The next step is to find out where you can get access to sample essays and how you can alter them to make them more relevant to your nee ds. By doing this, you will not only make sure that your essay is formatted and grammatically correct but also add some content to it to make it more useful.So, when writing your own admissions essay for teacher certification, be sure to put some thought into what is expected of you. Writing this type of essay for certification can be a real challenge but if you are able to prepare well, it can be a lot easier than you might have initially thought.

What Is Drama free essay sample

The word drama is derived from the ancient Greek word meaning action. If something is full of action it’s exciting, emotional, it’s unpredictable; it’s dramatic. Drama is a way of expressing or showing a story. Drama can make us feel happy, sad, afraid, superior, and inferior and so on. Drama is the essence of human existence; it’s what makes life worth living for. In modern times we have used the word drama to generally to mean acting and theatre. We have also come to known drama a to over re-act or to be a drama queen. * Forms of Drama Drama is everywhere and in everything we do. The simplest form of drama is life itself. Even though drama covers a large range of categories such as narratives, poems, myths and much more here are the different forms of the drama in a theatrical sense. The most common form of theatrical drama is acting. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Drama? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Acting is using both voice and movement to assume a character in order to present a story line. Other form of drama is song which includes Opera, another form of drama is dance, pantomime (acting without using your voice and only using facial expressions, gestures and movement) and a less known form of drama called tableau which uses no movement or voice at all (this is used as a reflective time). Though behind all these forms of drama there is one standard factor and that is emotion. Behind every drama there is either a comedy of a tragedy. Drama is either a comic, humorous, light hearted affair or an intense, action packed story of deep emotion. Comedy and Tragedy are the basis of drama and that’s why they are the symbols of it (happy and frowny face) Opera Opera Comedy and Tragedy Comedy and Tragedy History of Theatrical Drama * Origins of Theatrical Drama Exactly when theatrical drama began is a mystery. Prehistoric hunters have been depicted acting out stories of their hunting trips. Ancient Egyptians performed sacred songs and dances and re-enacted mythological stories about their gods in religious ceremonies, but the idea of theatre as dramatic entertainment didn’t arise until later. Drama Performance in Ancient Egypt Drama Performance in Ancient Egypt Hunting story Hunting story * Ancient Theatre The first recorded form of theatre started in Ancient Greece around 600 B. C. Plays were performed at religious festivals honouring the god Dionysus the Greek god of wine and festivities. The first plays were the idea of the Greek poet Thespis. Thespis was the father of tragic drama and both wrote and performed in plays about the heroic adventures of demigods (half mortal, half god) such as Hercules and his 12 labours. Greek plays were performed in an amphitheatre. When the Romans took over they greatly embraced the Greek culture using many Greek plays but translated into Latin. Comedy plays were more popular with crude humour. Actors performed in masks with greatly emphasised expressions. Masks Used in Ancient Roman Theatre Masks Used in Ancient Roman Theatre Ancient Greek Amphitheatre Ancient Greek Amphitheatre * Medieval Theatre In Medieval times theatre buildings and performances as such weren’t permitted but traveling shows called minstrels were all the rage. Minstrel performances included acrobats, puppeteers, jugglers and story tellers. Christians at the time started their own type of theatre where priests would act out the miracles of Christ and the performance of the Stations of the Cross on Good Friday. * Renaissance Theatre La Commedia DellArte La Commedia DellArte William Shakespeare William Shakespeare During the 14th to 17th centuries Europe started to embrace the arts again. We now call this era the Renaissance. Along with the arts drama came with it and the theatre once more was strong. In Italy a major influence of theatre was the ‘La Commedia Dell’Arte’ or in English ‘Professional Comedy’. This was a travelling road show which used no improvised script and masked characters created a comical story line just thinking it up on the spot. Queen Elizabeth I strongly believed in the theatre. During Elizabethan times the most famous playwright started his career. Born in 1564, William Shakespeare was an actor and poet who wrote many famous plays such as ‘Romeo and Juliet’, ‘Hamlet’ and ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’; these plays are still studied and performed all over the world today. * Kabuki Theatre Kabuki Theatre Performance Kabuki Theatre Performance Originating in Japan in the 1600’s Kabuki theatre is a form of Japanese theatre which is still performed today. The plays are based on Japanese legends and what is significant about it is that the show opens and closes with the sound of wood clapping together, the constant playing of the starmisen (the Japanese three stringed guitar) and how throughout the performance the actors freeze in their position after every scene in order to create reflection. The actors in a Kabuki performance wear colourful Actor wearing kimono and white makeup Actor wearing kimono and white makeup Japanese clothing (kimonos etc. ) and heavy makeup. Modern Theatre * Basis of Modern Drama Modern Theatrical Drama is such a large spectrum of entertainment. In today’s society drama is split into two forms, realism and modernism. Realism is drama which expresses real life situations and beliefs and represents problems and issues in current society. Modernism is drama based on culture which is stories and fantasy with issues and scenes not common in the real world. Modern day drama is a very vast spectrum covering the circus to street mimes, from YouTube videos to cartoons but the two most popular forms of modern drama are drama through live musical theatre and drama through pre-staged T. V and movies. * Drama through Live Musical Theatre Musical Drama is the theatre performance of telling a story with the aids of music, song and dance as well as the much needed acting. Musical theatre has always been around but it really blossomed in the 1930’s. At this time the great depression was a foot and people needed some cheering up so many went to see musicals such as ‘Paint My Wagon’ and ‘West Side Story’. Through the 1900’s many memorable plays were staged such as Oklahoma! , My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Fiddler on the Roof, Guys and Dolls and many more. Musical theatre in the 21st century is a respected art with theatre across the globe with New York known as the capitol of musical theatre on Broadway. Musical s today include Wicked, Mary Poppins, Jersey Boys and Hairspray. OKLAHOMA! The Musical OKLAHOMA! The Musical Jersey Boys the Musical Jersey Boys the Musical * Drama through T. V and Movies As television took over the world and became the primary source of entertainment drama obliged creating new forms of drama using the T. V. Genre related dramas are on T. V which are dramas with a story line specifying to certain type of audience who like a certain genre are everywhere, some include medical dramas such as Grey’s Anatomy and the more recent type of genre related dramas called Vampire dramas e. g. The Vampire Diaries. Another form of T. V drama are Soap Operas which are long running T. V sagas centred around a family or town which tells the dramatic, unsuspecting, never ending series of events. Examples include The Days of Our Lives (45 years), the Bold and the Beautiful (25 years) and the Young and the Restless (40 years). Another form of Drama is Reality Drama. Reality T. V is a show where ordinary people go on with no rehearsed script and usually have to perform a task. This is considered the most popular form of T. V Drama today examples include Master chef, The Biggest Loser, Survivor, the Amazing Race etc. Movies are also a form of Drama believe it or not; from ‘Finding Nemo’ to ‘The Notebook’ all movies are a form of drama. The Biggest Loser: T. V Weight Loss Reality Drama The Biggest Loser: T. V Weight Loss Reality Drama Like Sand through the Hour-Glass So Are the Days of Our Lives Like Sand through the Hour-Glass So Are the Days of Our Lives The Elements of Drama The Character: A Character is simply a person who appears in the play to tell the story. Most plays contain major characters and minor characters. The development of major characters is essential to the play; the play revolves around the story of the major character. In a play a character is either a protagonist or an antagonist, so basically good guys and bad guys. The protagonist goes through with the plot and the antagonist try’s to stop him or vice versa. The Character: A Character is simply a person who appears in the play to tell the story. Most plays contain major characters and minor characters. The development of major characters is essential to the play; the play revolves around the story of the major character. In a play a character is either a protagonist or an antagonist, so basically good guys and bad guys. The protagonist goes through with the plot and the antagonist try’s to stop him or vice versa. The Plot and Scene: The Plot is the events that makes up the story told in the play. The plot is the story centred on the main character. The plot has an Orientation (the beginning introductory to describe the scene and setting), a Complication (a problem that arises), Sequence of Events (a series of events which lead up to), a Climax (the height of the story, the most exciting and suspenseful bit, usually the confrontation between hero and villain) a Resolution (the answer to the problem) and a Coda (a moral or lesson taught by the story). The Scene is basically the setting or the ‘geography’ in which the play is set so for example in the play ‘The Sound of Music’ it is set in Austria so the scene is the hilly meadows and mountains of Austria and the von Trapp House. The Plot and Scene: The Plot is the events that makes up the story told in the play. The plot is the story centred on the main character. The plot has an Orientation (the beginning introductory to describe the scene and setting), a Complication (a problem that arises), Sequence of Events (a series of events which lead up to), a Climax (the height of the story, the most exciting and suspenseful bit, usually the confrontation between hero and villain) a Resolution (the answer to the problem) and a Coda (a moral or lesson taught by the story). The Scene is basically the setting or the ‘geography’ in which the play is set so for example in the play ‘The Sound of Music’ it is set in Austria so the scene is the hilly meadows and mountains of Austria and the von Trapp House. Theme and Genre: The plot has been called the body of a play and the theme has been called its soul. Most plays have a conflict of some kind between individuals, between man and society, man and some superior force or man and himself. The theme in a play is the issues and matters raised through the story. A general theme in a love story might be love conquers all and that is what a theme is; the basic underline of what the play is about. A Genre is the style or type of interest the play is written around. Every form of drama has a genre whether it is comedy, romance, mystery, horror or anything else; people go to see things they are interested in. If you’re favourite genre is fantasy you’ll go see a theatre performance which contains magic and dragons, if you prefer crime genre you’ll watch a movie about and murder mystery and forensic scientists. Theme and Genre: The plot has been called the body of a play and the theme has been called its soul. Most plays have a conflict of some kind between individuals, between man and society, man and some superior force or man and himself. The theme in a play is the issues and matters raised through the story. A general theme in a love story might be love conquers all and that is what a theme is; the basic underline of what the play is about. A Genre is the style or type of interest the play is written around. Every form of drama has a genre whether it is comedy, romance, mystery, horror or anything else; people go to see things they are interested in. If you’re favourite genre is fantasy you’ll go see a theatre performance which contains magic and dragons, if you prefer crime genre you’ll watch a movie about and murder mystery and forensic scientists. Dialogue: A Dialogue a conversation between characters in a play or in any literary work. Dialogue brings characters to life by revealing their personalities and by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters. Within dialogue there are different types of speech given different names. One type of speech used in dialogue is a soliloquy. A soliloquy is a long speech delivered by a character that is alone onstage. A soliloquy typically reveals the private thoughts and emotions of the character. Another form of speech is an aside. An aside is a comment made by a character, but is not heard by the other characters onstage. Dialogue: A Dialogue a conversation between characters in a play or in any literary work. Dialogue brings characters to life by revealing their personalities and by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters. Within dialogue there are different types of speech given different names. One type of speech used in dialogue is a soliloquy. A soliloquy is a long speech delivered by a character that is alone onstage. A soliloquy typically reveals the private thoughts and emotions of the character. Another form of speech is an aside. An aside is a comment made by a character, but is not heard by the other characters onstage. Convention: A dramatic convention is a set of rules, which both the audience and actors are familiar with and which act as a useful way of quickly signifying the nature of the action or of a character. All forms of theatre have dramatic conventions, some of which may be unique to that particular form, such as the poses used by actors in Japanese kabuki theatre to establish a character or the moustache twirling villain in early cinema serials. A convention is known by the audience, it is a significant movement, sound or gesture which displays the characters intentions or who they are. Convention: A dramatic convention is a set of rules, which both the audience and actors are familiar with and which act as a useful way of quickly signifying the nature of the action or of a character. All forms of theatre have dramatic conventions, some of which may be unique to that particular form, such as the poses used by actors in Japanese kabuki theatre to establish a character or the moustache twirling villain in early cinema serials. A convention is known by the audience, it is a significant movement, sound or gesture which displays the characters intentions or who they are. Audience: Theatre requires an audience. For all of the arts public is essential. The physical presence of an audience can change a performance, inspire actors, and create expectations. Theatre is a living breathing art form. The presence of live actors on the stage in front of live audiences sets it apart from modern day films and television. Audience: Theatre requires an audience. For all of the arts public is essential. The physical presence of an audience can change a performance, inspire actors, and create expectations. Theatre is a living breathing art form. The presence of live actors on the stage in front of live audiences sets it apart from modern day films and television. Stage Craft (Visual Elements): The Stage craft also known as the visual elements deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the stage craft forms an essential component of drama. Stage Craft (Visual Elements): The Stage craft also known as the visual elements deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the stage craft forms an essential component of drama. SO AFTER ALL THAT WHAT IS DRAMA USED FOR? Drama is used as an expression of human emotion; it is the life and soul of life and without drama life wouldn’t be worth living for. In a theatrical sense drama is used as way to entertain any audience with any type of favourite drama. In theatre drama is a living and breathing force which feeds on the expression and the emotions given by the audience after the dramatic performance has been displayed. Drama is used as a general living tool and great form of both comic and tragic entertainment. By Anthony Pagano. Top 10 Dramas in the Past 100 Years Cats: Cats is a musical directed by the famous Andrew Lloyd Webber. Cats is about the life of cats and the politics of cats. It is the second longest running musical in History. Cats: Cats is a musical directed by the famous Andrew Lloyd Webber. Cats is about the life of cats and the politics of cats. It is the second longest running musical in History. Oliver! : The Musical adaptation of the book Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens is about an orphan who runs away from an orphanage and hooks up with a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Oliver! : The Musical adaptation of the book Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens is about an orphan who runs away from an orphanage and hooks up with a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. The Wizard Of Oz: The timeless classic about a girl named Dorothy Gale who is swept away to a magical land named Oz in a tornado and embarks on a quest to see the Wizard who can help her return home. On her way she meets the brainless scarecrow, the heartless tin-man and the cowardly lion. The Wizard Of Oz: The timeless classic about a girl named Dorothy Gale who is swept away to a magical land named Oz in a tornado and embarks on a quest to see the Wizard who can help her return home. On her way she meets the brainless scarecrow, the heartless tin-man and the cowardly lion. The Phantom of the Opera: The Phantom of the Opera is another musical/opera directed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and is about a woman who falls in love with a phantom. The Phantom of the Opera: The Phantom of the Opera is another musical/opera directed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and is about a woman who falls in love with a phantom. Please Sir, May I Have Some More Please Sir, May I Have Some More My Fair Lady: The story of a snobbish linguistics professor who agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society. My Fair Lady: The story of a snobbish linguistics professor who agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society. Romeo amp; Juliet: The timeless love story written by William Shakespeare about the forbidden love of Romeo and Juliet whose love is torn apart due to their feuding families and the sad but memorable ending. Romeo amp; Juliet: The timeless love story written by William Shakespeare about the forbidden love of Romeo and Juliet whose love is torn apart due to their feuding families and the sad but memorable ending. The Rocky Horror Show: The comedy/horror musical about a newly engaged couple who stumble into a house where an evil scientist reveals his creation of life through a muscle man named Rocky Horror. After staying the night the couple discovers that the evil scientist and all the people in the house are really transsexual aliens whose main purpose is to mate with all humans on earth both male and female. Yuck! The Rocky Horror Show: The comedy/horror musical about a newly engaged couple who stumble into a house where an evil scientist reveals his creation of life through a muscle man named Rocky Horror. After staying the night the couple discovers that the evil scientist and all the people in the house are really transsexual aliens whose main purpose is to mate with all humans on earth both male and female. Yuck! West Side Story: Set in New York City in the mid-1950s, the musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks from Puerto Rico are taunted by the Jets, a white working-class group. Forbidden love occurs when Tony, one of the Jets, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks. West Side Story: Set in New York City in the mid-1950s, the musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks from Puerto Rico are taunted by the Jets, a white working-class group. Forbidden love occurs when Tony, one of the Jets, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks. Grease: This musical, directed by Jim Jacobs, was set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School; it follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of love, cars, and drive-ins. This musical was later turned into a hit film starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton John. Grease: This musical, directed by Jim Jacobs, was set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School; it follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of love, cars, and drive-ins. This musical was later turned into a hit film starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton John. The Sound of Music: The Sound Music is a Musical and film based on the memoirs of Maria von Trapp. The story is set around WWII in Austria it is about a nun in training named Maria who is sent to the von Trapp family to be the governess for Mr. von Trapp’s seven children. The Sound of Music: The Sound Music is a Musical and film based on the memoirs of Maria von Trapp. The story is set around WWII in Austria it is about a nun in training named Maria who is sent to the von Trapp family to be the governess for Mr. von Trapp’s seven children.

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership Introduction Critical Management Studies (CMS) form a substitute to a number of conservative administration presumptions and approaches. The key reason behind the development of CMS was to provide a transformative approach to traditional management. CMS is a sceptical look at the management and organisational structures that are currently in use.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These structures are evaluated and criticised based on their demonstrated social and ecological sustainability (Adler 2007). Contrary to the popular belief, CMS is not rooted on the focus on individual organisations and their managers’ poor management practices (Adler 2007). This belief, which is propagated by the outsiders of CMS, is largely untrue. CMS stands for the critical assessment of the wider organisational and management structures. Adler state s that CMS focuses on ordinary elements such as ecological pessimism, public discrimination, and pitiable management that are displayed in the wider social and economic structures whose traditions have been simulated by long-established administrators and the evolving conformist organisations. The current framework of CMS entails the critical assessment of issues in management such as marketing, organisational strategies, information systems, accounting, organisational relations, and international networks (Clegg, Dany, Grey 2011). CMS focuses on fundamental matters such as the use of uncertainty and analysis of the ubiquitous organisational administration speculations, the prevailing organisational configurations and traditions in the effort to propose changes. The use of criticism and critique in CMS is also aimed at illustrating how the contemporary organisational patterns and structures are disruptive and conflict ridden, with this situation being propagated and nourished by ou t-dated beliefs and practices in management (Sim Van Loon, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CMS does not only offer critique to the management issues, but also goes a step further to offer solutions and alternatives. The aim is also to prove that the practices and beliefs are essentially changeable, with the change being dependent on the attitudes, thoughts, and knowledge of the management (Sim Van Loon, 2005). CMS has developed from the works of a number of theorists and scholars who have contributed in the development of theories and structures that are essential to the recommended management changes. Some of the people who contributed significantly in the creation of CMS include Foucault, Weber, and Hegel, with the theorists and scholars contributing to, ‘contemporary developments that stretch beyond the realm of academic theory and philosophical or social thought’ (Adler, 2007, p.1316). The modern-day business enterprise serves different functions in the modern society and a critical assessment of these functions is necessary, with different social avenues of critique developing. Some of the contemporary issues in the global economy that have influenced the modern business environment include the introduction of the European Union and its market, the rise of China and India as global economic and social forces. These developments have provided a basis of comparison to the largely traditional and dominant Anglo-American organisational values and models. CMS is very broad, with the major concepts, theories, and thoughts being significantly many. This report applies the CMS theories to assess a case study on call-centre labour in a global economy by Premilla D’Cruz and Ernesto Noronha (2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Set Up Bullying at the workplace has been a topic of concern for a long time for managers and human resource departments in organisations. This account, which is based in Indian, looks at the use of CMS in the analysis of D’Cruz and Noronha’s scenario examination on call centres. These individuals performed an investigation on the workplace occurrences of workers in some intercontinental call hubs in Mumbai and Bangalore. The two managed to assess the role of organisational sources of bullying at the workplace, thus providing some recommendations to the same (D’Cruz, Noronha 2009). Case Study Analysis Human resource management policies that are adopted in different organisations are displayed in the call centre working analysis above. There is a significant gap in HRM roles. Most organisations state that they apply soft policies, with the case study showing that hard HRM policies are actually th e ones being practiced. Most studies that have evaluated relationships between employers and their employees have concluded that although managers consider workers their most precious resources, they instead apply inflexible HRM guidelines and controls that are detrimental to their workforce. This shows that the organisation is considered more important in relation to employees. In the call centre, employees have no working union to safeguard their interests. They are however paid well with regard to the existing labour markets in the country. Another positive assessment of the HRM policies in the organisations shows that employees feel important while working there since adequate measures are in place to influence their self-interest and self-esteem. The organisations also participate in the inculcation of values to their employees to ensure that they put the organisational interests ahead of their own. Such organisations incorporate group work and collaboration at their workplaces . However, there are several negative policies in these call centres, including the hard and extended running hours. The operational circumstances are also complicated based on the many and frequently cruel customers that they encounter every day in their job.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These employees also have very high organisational targets, with the managers being harsh in the workplace. Harassment to these employees has contributed to conditioning, with D’Cruz and Noronha (2009) terming it as depersonalised bullying, which is created by the harsh policies, managers, supervisors, and a forceful working environment. HRM practitioners as displayed in the case can be described as disguising hard working conditions provided at the workplace with soft rhetoric. Critical theory is important in this expression. It states that rhetoric has dominated over reality in the current HRM mandates (Guest 1990). According to Guest (1990), HRM roles act as a smokescreen where the management teams can evade union formation and function in organisations, thus turning employees into working slaves, where they can work against their own will in the belief that the organisations are benevolent. Another researcher who is opposed to the displayed organisational rhetoric is Tada jewski (2011) who states that this rhetoric introduces HRM tasks that consider organisational benefit before employee welfare. Gane and Kalberg (2013, p. 26) also observe, ‘organisations use rhetoric to communicate an inherently attractive image of people who trust each other, share risks, and rewards and are united by common feelings of identity while providing little indication of the remote economic rationalism that distinguishes management in the real world’. Other researchers and analysts have also claimed that the softness displayed by the management is a way of ensuring that employees are subjective to the interests of the organisation. Managers also use the softness to wade off discontent from the displayed organisational control. The Indian Call Centre analysis provides results that reinforce critical perspectives. The analysis of the case study can also be done using the theories on transformational leadership and bureaucracy advanced by Max Weber. Bureaucracy In organisations, some officials are appointed to carry out specific duties and functions. They are awarded specific powers to carry out these functions (Budhwar, Varma, Singh Dhar 2006). Bureaucracy in the ideal form is the organisational arrangement where specific individuals are involved in the giving and receiving of commands, which are based on the existent rational system of rules, with no involvement of external influences (Morrison, 2006). The fundamental features of the bureaucracies described by Max Weber define the running of some organisations, with control vesting on specific individuals (Cox 2009; Cooper Burrell 1988). He claims that this form of bureaucracy leads to the ‘iron cage’ phenomenon in organisational management although the ideal application of bureaucracy would lead to greater organisational efficiency and effectiveness (Cox 2009). In the operations at the call centre, both the supervisors and junior employees are obedient to the existing di fficult and intolerable conditions at the workplace. The acceptance to working in these conditions demonstrates the iron cage phenomenon described by Weber (Cox 2009). These workers have been deprived of their privileges to dispute and to set right the circumstances at the administrative centres, with the reason being that they have acknowledged depersonalised maltreatment. In this case, CMS can be used to show how organisations can use bureaucracy to change the meaning and use of teamwork. In the organisation, the traditional and mainstream management perceptions practised include teamwork as a tool for mobilising employees to achieve organisational goals and improved organisational performance (Adler, Forbes, Wilmot, 2007). CMS on the other hand demonstrates that teamwork is abused in the present day organisational dispensations. Research works indicate that teamwork is effective as a management aid. However, in the recent years, the poor performance of well-staffed teams to perfo rm and deliver on the organisational goals has cast doubts on this notion. CMS, therefore, suggests that teamwork in the modern context is a tool for the exploitation of employees by organisations, with management and HRM mandates using teamwork to oppress team members in the name of improving organisational performance (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). Transformational Leadership Transformative leadership as suggested by Max Weber (Cooper Burrell 1988) and/or advanced by Bass can be considered in terms of the ‘I model’ (Bass, 1990, p. 19). This model of transformational leadership consists of four components, including intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, individualised consideration, and idealised influence (Bass 1990). The model states that leaders should act as role models in organisations. According to Bass (1990), the intellectual influence that demands leaders to act as role models causes the generation of trust and the foundation of ethics in orga nisations. Intellectual stimulation entails the incorporation of views on employees in the operation of the organisation by the transformational leaders. Individual consideration, on the other hand, ensures that transformational leaders consider the welfare of each individual in the organisation irrespective of their levels in the organisational echelon. These types of leaders give attention to workers, thus providing them with motivation and encouragement in the course of their work. Inspirational motivation entails transformational leaders motivating their employees, inspiring them, and providing them with bravery and means of countering any challenges in the organisations’ operations. In the call centres discussed in the case study, leaders have a little display of transformative leadership as evidenced by the occurrences of depersonalised bullying in their respective organisations and their inability to deal with the same. Employees display a labour force that is not moti vated, inspired, or dedicated to their work, and are not involved in the development of policies or their implementation (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). These employees demonstrate the absence of transformational leadership, with the authors stating that the organisation needs the introduction of this form of leadership (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). Recommendations It suffices to make a number of recommendations to the changes that are necessary in the organisations in terms of their management policies with regard to CMS. The organisations should embark on the introduction of a union for employees to cater for their own welfare. A union will be crucial in the development of a better working environment for these employees since it will safeguard their interests in the organisation. Another change that the management needs to adopt is teamwork that is geared towards employee motivation and empowerment. Instead of using teamwork to affect the organisational productivity, organisa tions should apply the same to motivate their employees. The call centres also need to adopt training for their leaders on the principles of transformative leadership to ensure such leadership is practiced in these organisations. The call centres need to introduce policies that are friendly to the workforce. These policies include the reduction of the working hours for employees. Since these employees work in cruel conditions, they are exposed to depersonalised harassment from all sides, including the clients. A reduction of the working hours and the introduction of shorter shifts will act as a cushion for some of these challenges. Other necessary measures include the introduction of new campaigns to enhance collaboration between employees and their supervisors and the creation of a working feedback mechanism. Employees should be allowed to express their views through participation in decision-making processes in these call centres. Conclusion In conclusion, critical management stud ies are important in the changing of the conventional organisational dispensation. CMS provides alternative management theories in the attempt to change the conventional practice in organisations. The report has focused on depersonalised harassment as witnessed in the aforementioned administrative centres in India as discussed by D’Cruzi and Noronha. Several Max Weber’s suppositions, namely civil service and transformative headship, have been used in the assessment to determine the situation at the areas of work, specifically at the said call hubs. An analysis using these theories has shown that the management structures in the contemporary organisations are different from the rhetoric discussed by researchers. The HR customs are oppressive and that workers have adapted to working in these conditions. The report suggests some major changes that should be made at these organisations based on the CMS analysis. The adoption of these recommendations is crucial to improveme nt in the HR issues observed in the call centres. Therefore, human resource managers have a lesson to learn from this report in terms of the way they handle employees who are the key pillars of any organisation. HR managers need to make sure that the environment to which employees are exposed is work friendly in the effort to motivate them (the employees) towards giving their best to the organisations. This strategy will in turn lead to the accomplishment of the formulated targets. References Adler, P 2007, ‘The Future of Critical Management Studies: A Paleo-Marxist Critique of Labour Process Theory’, Organisation Studies, vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 1313–45. Adler, P, Forbes, L Willmott, H 2007, Critical management studies, Annals, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 119-179. Bass, B 1990, ‘From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision’, Organisational Dynamics, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 19-31. Budhwar, P, Varma, A, Singh, V Dhar, R 2006, HRM syst ems of Indian call centres: an exploratory study, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 17 no. 5, pp. 881-897. 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